Efek Samping Radioterapi dan Cara Mengatasinya

Efek Samping Radioterapi dan Cara Mengatasinya

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Radioterapi merupakan salah satu terapi yang banyak digunakan untuk mengobati kanker. Terapi ini  dilakukan dengan memberi sel kanker paparan radiasi sinar-X untuk menghambat pertumbuhannya. Saat menjalani radioterapi, bukan hanya sel kanker yang rusak terkena paparan radiasi, namun juga sel sehat yang berada di sekitarnya. Kondisi ini menyebabkan seseorang mengalami beberapa efek samping seperti kelelahan, rambut rontok, mual, dan muntah. 

Efek samping radioterapi dan cara mengatasinya

Efek samping radioterapi dapat dirasakan berbeda-beda pada setiap pasien, tergantung bagian tubuh yang menjalani terapi. Keluhan dapat bersifat langsung yang dirasakan sesaat setelah menjalani terapi hingga beberapa minggu berikutnya dan dapat bersifat kronis atau berkepanjangan. 

Dilansir dari laman Cancer.org, berikut ini beberapa efek samping radioterapi dan cara mengatasinya:

1. Kelelahan

Salah satu efek samping radioterapi yang banyak dirasakan langsung adalah kelelahan. Kelelahan akibat perawatan kanker berbeda dengan kelelahan yang Anda rasakan setelah mengerjakan pekerjaan berat yang menguras tenaga. Pada kelelahan akibat radioterapi, rasa lelah sulit dihilangkan meskipun Anda sudah beristirahat seharian penuh. 

Bagi Anda yang merasakan kelelahan setelah radioterapi, umumnya dokter dan perawat akan menyarankan Anda untuk melakukan aktivitas yang tidak menguras energi seperti membaca buku, meditasi, relaksasi, mendengarkan musik dan menonton televisi. Upayakan untuk tetap berolahraga ringan untuk membantu tubuh lebih berenergi dan membuat Anda merasa lebih baik.  

2. Rambut rontok

Radioterapi juga dapat menyebabkan rambut rontok terutama di area yang terkena paparan radiasi. Untuk perawatannya, gunakan sisir yang lembut dan bergigi jarang. Untuk sementara waktu, hindari penggunaan hair dryer, catokan dan produk lainnya yang dapat membahayakan kulit kepala. 

Gunakan sampo yang lembut untuk kulit kepala dan keringkan menggunakan handuk lembut dengan cara ditepuk-tepuk. Anda juga dapat memotong rambut hingga pendek untuk mengurangi beban rambut. Tak perlu khawatir, usai perawatan kanker berakhir rambut Anda dapat tumbuh sehat seperti semula. 

3. Perubahan kuku dan kulit

Salah satu efek samping radioterapi yang banyak dialami adalah kulit menjadi kering, gatal, mengelupas, berubah warna, dan melepuh. Hal ini dapat terjadi karena sel kulit yang sehat ikut rusak terpapar radiasi. Untuk mengatasinya, basuh bagian yang terpapar dengan air hangat dan bersihkan menggunakan pembersih dengan pH rendah. Hindari menggosok bagian yang berubah warna terlalu keras karena akan menyebabkan iritasi. 

Sedangkan untuk kuku, sebaiknya potong kuku menjadi pendek untuk mencegah kerusakan kuku lebih lanjut. Apabila diperlukan, lakukan pekerjaan rumah seperti mencuci piring menggunakan sarung tangan. Anda juga dapat mengoleskan krim pelembap khusus untuk kuku untuk mencegah kuku mudah patah. 

4. Diare, mual, dan muntah

Diare, mual, dan muntah juga merupakan efek samping yang normal dirasakan orang yang menjalani radioterapi. Untuk mencegah dehidrasi, pasien dianjurkan untuk minum 8-12 gelas air setiap harinya.

Alih-alih makan dalam porsi besar 3 kali sehari, pasien radioterapi dianjurkan mengonsumsi makanan dalam porsi kecil 6-8 kali per hari. Untuk menu makanan, hindari makan makanan yang memicu mual dan diare seperti makanan gorengan, makanan pedas dan manis. 

5. Masalah tenggorokan dan mulut

Masalah kesehatan mulut yang sering muncul antara lain mulut kering, bau mulut, sariawan, susah menelan hingga infeksi gigi dan mulut. Untuk mencegah kondisi tersebut semakin parah, hindari mengonsumsi makanan yang sulit ditelan. Hindari makanan yang dapat mengiritasi mulut seperti makanan manis, pedas, asin dan renyah. Perbanyak makanan dan minuman yang menghidrasi untuk mencegah bibir kering dan bau mulut. 

 

Terapi radiasi (radioterapi) merupakan terapi yang aman dan efektif untuk mengatasi kanker. Jangan ragu menyampaikan apa pun perubahan kondisi yang Anda rasakan setelah menjalani sesi radioterapi pada dokter Anda. Dengan demikian, dokter dapat mengevaluasi hasil terapi dan memberi pengobatan untuk mengatasi keluhan yang sesuai dengan yang Anda rasakan. 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 18:21

WebMD. (2021). What to Expect From Radiation Therapy. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-to-expect-from-radiation-therapy

National Cancer Institute. Radiation Therapy Side Effects. Available from: https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy/side-effects

RogelCancer Center. How to Cope with the Side Effects of Radiation Therapy. Available from: https://www.rogelcancercenter.org/living-with-cancer/mind-body-and-side-effects/how-cope-side-effects-radiation-therapy

Oxford University Hospitals. Side Effects. Available from: https://www.ouh.nhs.uk/cancer/services/radiotherapy/for-patients/after-treatment/side-effects.aspx

American Academy of Dermatology Association. How to Care for Your Skin During Radiotherapy. Available from: https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/skin-cancer/types/common/melanoma/radiation-care

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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