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Cara Kerja Radioterapi dan Efek Sampingnya yang Perlu Diketahui

Cara Kerja Radioterapi dan Efek Sampingnya yang Perlu Diketahui

Bagikan :


Radioterapi adalah salah satu terapi yang banyak digunakan untuk menangani penyakit kanker. Umumnya, dokter akan menyarankan radioterapi bersamaan dengan kemoterapi dan operasi pengangkatan kanker untuk mencegah penyebaran sel kanker. Namun pada beberapa kasus, bisa jadi pasien hanya membutuhkan radioterapi untuk menghentikan pertumbuhan sel kanker.

Apa itu radioterapi?

Normalnya, sel-sel yang sehat akan tumbuh dan membelah diri untuk menggantikan sel yang rusak. Namun pada penderita kanker, sel-sel tubuh dapat tumbuh tidak terkendali sehingga merusak jaringan. Sel yang tumbuh tidak terkendali inilah yang dikenal dengan sel kanker.

Untuk menghambat pertumbuhan sel kanker tersebut, salah satu cara yang bisa dilakukan adalah menggunakan terapi radiasi (radioterapi). Terapi radiasi dilakukan untuk membunuh sel kanker dan mencegah penyebarannya. Radioterapi juga efektif untuk menyusutkan tumor ganas agar tidak membesar. Selain digunakan untuk terapi kanker, radioterapi juga dapat digunakan untuk mengatasi penyakit lainnya seperti tumor jinak dan tiroid.

Bagaimana cara kerja radioterapi?

Radioterapi dilakukan dengan mengarahkan sinar atau zat yang mengandung radiasi tinggi pada sel kanker. Dengan paparan radiasi tersebut, DNA sel kanker akan rusak sehingga sel akan berhenti berkembang dan mati. Karena paparan radiasi cukup tinggi, umumnya sel sehat di sekitar sel kanker juga akan ikut rusak. Namun tak perlu khawatir, kerusakan ini bersifat sementara dan akan pulih setelah terapi radiasi dihentikan.

Dilansir dari laman National Cancer Institute, radioterapi dapat dilakukan dalam dua cara yaitu:

- External beam radiation therapy

Terapi radiasi sinar eksternal dilakukan dengan menggunakan mesin radiasi. Pasien akan berbaring dalam sebuah mesin yang memancarkan sinar-X dengan intensitas tinggi. Dengan kendali komputer, radiasi akan diarahkan pada bagian yang terkena kanker.

Dalam satu sesi terapi umumnya hanya membutuhkan waktu sekitar 10-30 menit. Anda tidak akan merasa sakit atau kepanasan saat menjalani terapi, namun Anda dapat merasakan efek samping radioterapi seperti nyeri, kemerahan dan gatal.

- Internal radiation therapy (Brachyterapy)

Selain menggunakan mesin pemancar sinar-X dari luar tubuh, radioterapi juga bisa dilakukan secara internal. Terapi yang dikenal dengan nama brachytherapy ini dilakukan dengan memasukkan implan atau cairan yang mengandung radiasi ke bagian tubuh yang terkena kanker atau di sekitarnya. Selama menjalani terapi radiasi internal, pasien dapat mengandung radiasi yang berbahaya bagi orang di sekitarnya. Oleh karena itu pasien dianjurkan untuk menghindari interaksi dengan ibu hamil dan balita.

Apa yang dirasakan saat radioterapi?

Efek samping radioterapi dapat berbeda-beda pada setiap orang. Efek samping radioterapi juga dapat dirasakan langsung setelah terapi maupun dalam jangka panjang. Efek yang dirasakan langsung umumnya mual dan kelelahan dan dapat bertahan selama beberapa minggu. Sedangkan untuk efek samping radiasi dalam jangka panjang umumnya adalah masalah paru-paru dan jantung dan baru muncul setelah pengobatan selama bertahun-tahun.

 

Radioterapi merupakan salah satu metode medis untuk mengatasi penyakit kanker. Apabila dokter menyarankan Anda untuk menjalani radioterapi, sebaiknya konsultasikan dengan dokter jenis radioterapi apa yang paling efektif untuk mengatasi masalah kesehatan Anda dan bagaimana cara mengurangi efek radiasi yang berisiko bagi diri sendiri dan orang lain.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 22:06

WebMD. (2021). What to Expect From Radiation Therapy. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-to-expect-from-radiation-therapy

WebMD. (2020). Radiation Therapy for Cancer. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/radiation-therapy-cancer

NHS. (2020). Radiotherapy. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/radiotherapy/

Cancer.gov. (2019). Radiation Therapy to Treat Cancer. https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/radiation-therapy

Mayo Clinic. Radiotherapy. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/radiation-therapy/about/pac-20385162

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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