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Berbagai Jenis Tes DNA dan Manfaatnya di Bidang Kesehatan

Berbagai Jenis Tes DNA dan Manfaatnya di Bidang Kesehatan
Ilustrasi tes DNA. Credits: Freepik

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Tes DNA menjadi alat yang sangat penting karena mampu mengungkap informasi genetik secara mendalam. Tes DNA memberikan manfaat luas mulai dari kesehatan, forensik hingga penelitian ilmiah.

Pemeriksaan ini tidak hanya membantu dalam mengidentifikasi hubungan keluarga, namun juga dapat mendiagnosis penyakit genetik, dan mengidentifikasi perubahan gen, kromosom, serta protein di dalam tubuh. Ketahui lebih lanjut bagaimana pemanfaatan tes DNA terutama dalam bidang kesehatan.

 

Apa itu Tes DNA

DNA adalah singkatan dari deoxyribonucleic acid atau asam deoksiribonukleat yang merupakan molekul penting bagi manusia dan organisme lainnya. DNA mengandung materi keturunan dalam bentuk gen yang menentukan berbagai sifat fisik dan fungsional organisme.

Tes DNA adalah prosedur ilmiah yang menganalisis DNA untuk mendapatkan informasi genetik. Tes ini melibatkan beberapa langkah penting, termasuk pengambilan sampel, ekstraksi DNA, amplifikasi DNA, dan analisis DNA.

Baca Juga: Anemia Sel Sabit, Jenis Anemia yang Diturunkan Secara Genetik dan Tidak Ada Obatnya

 

Jenis Tes DNA dan Manfaatnya di Bidang Kesehatan

Tes DNA sendiri memiliki beberapa jenis dengan manfaat yang berbeda-beda, di antaranya:

Tes paternitas dan maternitas (paternity test)

Tes paternitas dan maternitas biasanya digunakan untuk mengonfirmasi hubungan biologis anak dan orang tua. Tes ini biasanya dilakukan dengan menganalisis DNA yang diambil dari sampel seperti bagian dalam pipi, darah, atau air liur.

DNA yang merupakan materi genetik dalam sel tubuh akan diwariskan dari kedua orang tua kandung, setengah dari ibu dan setengah dari ayah. Dengan membandingkan profil DNA anak dan orang tua, tes ini dapat menentukan apakah ada hubungan biologis.

Tes prenatal

Tes prenatal adalah prosedur tes DNA yang digunakan untuk mendeteksi mutasi pada gen atau kromosom pada janin yang sedang berkembang selama kehamilan. Tes ini dapat menentukan kemungkinan bayi lahir dengan kondisi genetik tertentu yang dapat dideteksi melalui tes DNA, misalnya sindrom Down, sindrom Edward, dan beberapa penyakit bawaan lainnya.

Sampel DNA biasanya diambil melalui prosedur seperti amniosentesis atau chorionic villus sampling (CVS). Jika ada riwayat genetik keluarga yang meningkatkan risiko kondisi genetik tertentu, penyedia layanan kesehatan mungkin merekomendasikan tes prenatal.

Tes diagnostik

Pengujian diagnostik digunakan untuk memastikan penyakit genetik atau adanya masalah kromosom tertentu. Meskipun pengujian ini tidak menguji semua kondisi genetik, namun tes ini dapat membantu mendeteksi dini kelainan dan penyakit yang diduga berdasarkan gejala dan riwayat keluarga.

Tes agen pembawa (carrier)

Tes agen pembawa (carrier) merupakan tes untuk mengetahui apakah Anda membawa satu salinan gen yang bermutasi untuk kondisi resesif autosomal. Kondisi resesif autosomal adalah kondisi genetik di mana seseorang dapat menjadi pembawa gen yang bermutasi tanpa menunjukkan gejala penyakit tersebut.

Baca Juga: Tes Genetik: Bantu Prediksi Kanker Sejak Dini

Pengujian praimplantasi

Pengujian praimplantasi adalah jenis tes DNA yang digunakan dalam program bayi tabung. Prosedur ini digunakan untuk menemukan mutasi genetik pada embrio sebelum implantasi dilakukan. Prosedur ini bertujuan untuk memilih embrio terbaik yang bebas dari mutasi tertentu sebelum ditanamkan kembali ke dalam rahim.

Tes ini bermanfaat mengurangi risiko memiliki anak dengan kondisi genetik yang dapat dihindari dengan mengidentifikasi dan menyingkirkan embrio yang membawa mutasi genetik yang berpotensi merugikan.

Skrining bayi baru lahir

Skrining bayi baru lahir merupakan salah satu jenis tes DNA yang dilakukan pada bayi baru lahir untuk mendeteksi kondisi genetik, metabolisme atau hormon tertentu. Tes ini biasanya dilakukan segera setelah bayi lahir, sehingga apabila bayi mengalami suatu kelainan, pengobatan dan perawatan dapat dilakukan segera.

Pengujian prediktif

Salah satu jenis tes DNA yang diberikan, yaitu pengujian prediktif. Tes ini digunakan untuk menentukan risiko seseorang terhadap pengembangan kondisi genetik tertentu di masa depan, bahkan sebelum gejala penyakitnya muncul.

Pengujian ini mencari mutasi pada gen yang diketahui memiliki risiko terkena penyakit tertentu, misalnya seperti kanker payudara.

 

Penting untuk memahami bahwa hasil tes DNA tidak selalu mutlak dan pasti. Bicarakan dengan dokter sebelum memutuskan untuk menjalani tes DNA. Bila Anda memiliki kekhawatiran tertentu yang berhubungan dengan masalah genetik, Anda bisa berkonsultasi dengan dokter kami melalui aplikasi Ai Care yang bisa diunduh di App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 Juni 2024 | 06:41

Health Direct (2022). Genetic testing. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/genetic-testing 

Jill Seladi-Schulman, Ph.D (2022). DNA Explained and Explored. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/what-is-dna 

Cleveland Clinic (2022). DNA Test & Genetic Testing. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/23065-dna-test--genetic-testing 

Cleveland Clinic (2024). DNA Paternity Test. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/10119-dna-paternity-test 

Pregnancy Birth&Baby (2023). Genetic carrier screening. Available from: https://www.pregnancybirthbaby.org.au/genetic-carrier-screening 

WebMD (2023). What Is Autosomal Recessive Disease?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/children/autosomal-recessive-disease 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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