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  • Anemia Sel Sabit, Jenis Anemia yang Diturunkan Secara Genetik dan Tidak Ada Obatnya

Anemia Sel Sabit, Jenis Anemia yang Diturunkan Secara Genetik dan Tidak Ada Obatnya

Anemia Sel Sabit, Jenis Anemia yang Diturunkan Secara Genetik dan Tidak Ada Obatnya

Bagikan :


Anemia sel sabit adalah salah satu dari kelompok kelainan bawaan yang dikenal sebagai penyakit sel sabit. Penyakit sel sabit ditandai dengan kecacatan pada hemoglobin, protein di dalam sel darah merah yang membawa oksigen ke jaringan tubuh.

Anemia sel sabit memengaruhi bentuk sel darah merah. Sel darah merah yang normal biasanya berbentuk bulat dan fleksibel, sehingga memudahkan pergerakan melalui pembuluh darah. Anemia sel sabit menyebabkan perubahan bentuk sel darah merah menjadi seperti sabit atau bulan sabit. Sel sabit ini memiliki sifat yang kaku dan lengket, yang dapat memperlambat atau menghalangi aliran darah. Penyumbatan mengakibatkan oksigen di dalam darah akan terhambat penyalurannya ke jaringan tubuh lainnya. Selain itu penyumbatan juga menyebabkan rasa sakit.

 

Gejala Anemia Sel Sabit

Tanda dan gejala anemia sel sabit biasanya baru muncul pada bayi usia sekitar 4-6 bulan. Gejalanya bervariasi dari orang yang satu dan yang lain, meliputi:

  • Kelelahan dan mudah tersinggung yang dipengaruhi oleh anemia
  • Kerewelan pada bayi
  • Mengompol, yang dikaitkan dengan problem ginjal
  • Mata dan kulit berwarna kuning
  • Nyeri hebat secara berkala yang disebut krisis nyeri
  • Pembengkakan pada tangan dan kaki
  • Mengalami infeksi berulang
  • Pertumbuhan dan pubertas yang terhambat
  • Gangguan penglihatan
  • Nyeri di dada, punggung, lengan dan kaki

 

Baca mengenai makanan yang perlu dihindari oleh penderita anemia, di sini!

 

Apakah Anemia Sel Sabit dapat Membahayakan Jiwa?

Ya, anemia sel sabit dapat menyebabkan kondisi yang membahayakan jiwa. Anemia sel sabit yang berkembang dapat meningkatkan risiko komplikasi penyakit tertentu, di antaranya:

 

Strok

Sel sabit dapat memblokir aliran darah ke area otak sehingga muncul tanda-tanda strok, seperti kejang, kelemahan atau mati rasa pada lengan dan kaki, dan kesulitan bicara yang tiba-tiba hingga kehilangan kesadaran.

 

Sindrom Paru-Paru Akut

Infeksi paru-paru atau anemia sel sabit yang menghalangi pembuluh darah di paru-paru dapat menyebabkan komplikasi yang mengancam jiwa, seperti demam, nyeri dada, dan kesulitan bernapas yang membutuhkan perawatan medis darurat.

 

Hipertensi Paru

Orang dengan anemia sel sabit dapat mengembangkan tekanan darah tinggi di paru-paru yang biasanya menyerang orang dewasa. Gejala umum saat mengalami hipertensi paru misalnya seperti sesak napas dan kelelahan yang dapat berakibat fatal.

 

Kerusakan Organ

Sel sabit yang menghalangi aliran darah ke organ dapat menghilangkan kadar darah dan oksigen pada organ tersebut. Kekurangan oksigen kronis pada anemia sel sabit dapat menyebabkan kerusakan saraf dan organ. Pada organ ginjal, hati dan limpa yang kekurangan oksigen dapat berakibat fatal.

 

Sekuestrasi Limpa

Sekuestrasi adalah proses penumpukan cairan, dalam kondisi ini yaitu penumpukan sel sabit di limpa. Sejumlah besar sel sabit yang terperangkap di limpa dapat menyebabkan pembesaran limpa yang menimbulkan sakit perut di sisi kiri tubuh. Kondisi ini biasanya menyerang anak-anak dan dapat mengancam jiwa.

 

Selain risiko di atas, anemia sel sabit juga meningkatkan risiko komplikasi kebutaan, luka terbuka pada kaki, batu empedu, priapismus (ereksi yang menyakitkan dan tahan lama), trombosis vena dalam yang menyebabkan pembekuan darah, serta komplikasi kehamilan terkait tekanan darah tinggi, pembekuan darah, keguguran, dan kelahiran prematur.

Penyakit anemia sel sabit adalah jenis penyakit yang tidak ada obatnya. Pengobatan hanya dilakukan untuk membantu mengatasi gejala yang dikeluhkan. Satu-satunya harapan untuk mengobati penyakit ini adalah dengan melakukan transplantasi sumsum tulang, di mana sumsum tulang yang terkena anemia sel sabit akan diganti dengan sumsum tulang yang sehat berasal dari donor.

Karena risiko terkait dengan transplantasi cukup besar, termasuk kematian, prosedur ini hanya direkomendasikan untuk penderita yang memiliki gejala dan komplikasi anemia sel sabit yang signifikan.

 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 20:44

Mayo Clinic (2022). Sickle cell anemia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/sickle-cell-anemia/symptoms-causes/syc-20355876

Medline Plus (2021). Sickle Cell Disease. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/sicklecelldisease.html

John Hopkins Medicine. Sickle Cell Disease. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/sickle-cell-disease

Healthline Editorial Team (2019). Sickle Cell Anemia. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/sickle-cell-anemia

Hematology.org. Sickle Cell Disease. Available from: https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/anemia/sickle-cell-disease

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.36msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8349 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.25msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3161 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8278
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.03msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3135 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3135
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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