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Kenali Perbedaan Episode Mania dan Hipomania pada Gejala Bipolar

Kenali Perbedaan Episode Mania dan Hipomania pada Gejala Bipolar
Credit: Freepik

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Mania dan hipomania merupakan salah satu gejala yang dialami oleh pengidap bipolar. Gangguan bipolar adalah gangguan mental yang ditandai dengan perubahan suasana hati yang ekstrem. Seseorang yang mengidap bipolar dapat mengalami episode gejala depresi lalu setelah beberapa waktu berubah menjadi hipomania atau mania (perasaan bahagia dan peningkatan mood yang tidak normal dan bertahan lama). Lantas, apa perbedaan antara mania dan hipomania pada pengidap bipolar?

 

Perbedaan Mania dan Hipomania

Wajar bagi setiap manusia untuk merasakan perubahan suasana hati dari perasaan gembira ke perasaan sedih atau sebaliknya. Pada pengidap bipolar, terdapat periode dimana mereka mengalami peningkatan suasana hati yang berlebihan, serta episode depresi. Perubahan suasana hati ini dikenal dengan episode karena terjadi secara bergantian. 

Dalam setiap episode, seseorang akan mengalami mania, hipomania dan depresi. Depresi adalah kondisi yang ditandai dengan gejala kesedihan, putus asa dan kesepian. Sebaliknya, mania dan hipomania adalah kondisi dimana suasana hati bahagia. Namun perlu dicatat bahwa pergantian suasana hati ini tidak terjadi cepat. Episode depresi atau peningkatan suasana hati ini biasanya terjadi selama beberapa waktu, minimal beberapa minggu, sebelum mengalami pergantian episode gejala.

Dilansir dari Healthline, mania dan hipomania bukan hanya dapat dialami oleh pasien bipolar namun juga pada orang yang tidak mengalami gangguan perubahan suasana hati.

Berikut ini perbedaan mania dan hipomania yang perlu diketahui:

1. Pengertian

Secara umum, mania merupakan kondisi yang terjadi ketika pengidap bipolar merasa sangat bahagia dan bersemangat baik secara fisik maupun mental. Orang yang sedang mengalami mania cenderung membuat keputusan yang tidak rasional seperti berbelanja atau melakukan hal-hal menyenangkan lainnya.

Sebaliknya, hipomania, merupakan kondisi mania yang lebih ringan. Meskipun tidak seekstrem mania, namun orang-orang di sekitar pasien mampu mengenali jika seorang pasien bipolar sedang mengalami hipomania.

2. Durasi

Dalam episode mania, perubahan suasana hati yang abnormal, terjadi peningkatan mood dan menjadi lebih mudah teriritasi, dapat terjadi lebih dari satu minggu atau 7 hari. Sedangkan pada episode hipomania, kondisi ini dapat berlangsung minimal 4 hari.

3. Gejala

Meskipun sama-sama menunjukkan perasaan bersemangat atau bahagia, namun mania dan hipomania sebenarnya merupakan kondisi yang berbeda. Gejala mania yang sering muncul antara lain:

  • Merasakan perasaan senang dan kebesaran yang berlebihan tanpa alasan
  • Merasa terlalu senang sehingga tidak dapat berpikir jernih dalam mengambil keputusan
  • Saat berbicara sering bicara cepat, melompat-lompat, tidak fokus, dan mudah terdistraksi
  • Merasa gelisah
  • Mudah terlibat dalam kegiatan atau aktivitas yang berisiko, seperti berjudi, mengebut di jalan, dll.
  • Merasa sangat berenergi sehingga tidak perlu tidur
  • Pada mania yang parah, penderita dapat mengalami halusinasi serta sulit membedakan antara imajinasi dan kenyataan (delusi)

Sedangkan gejala hipomania di antaranya:

  • Peningkatan suasana hati bisa dilihat oleh orang lain
  • Terdapat tiga atau lebih gejala mania
  • Gejala yang dirasakan masih belum mengganggu pekerjaan dan kehidupan sehari-hari

4. Muncul pada tipe bipolar yang berbeda

Episode mania sering dialami oleh orang yang mengalami gangguan bipolar tipe 1. Biasanya episode mania yang muncul bisa didahului atau disusul oleh episode hipomania atau depresi berat. Sementara itu pada jenis bipolar lain yaitu gangguan bipolar tipe 2, penderita umumnya mengalami minimal satu episode depresi berat dan minimal satu episode hipomania, tanpa episode mania.

5. Penanganan

Meskipun gejala yang ditampilkan serupa, namun penanganan mania dan hipomania sangat berbeda. Jika tidak dikendalikan, orang yang sedang mengalami mania dapat melakukan tindakan yang merugikan diri sendiri dan orang lain misalnya seperti berfoya-foya, menggunakan alkohol dan obat-obatan terlarang, juga melakukan perbuatan seksual yang berisiko.

Pada orang yang sedang berada di episode hipomania, meskipun tidak menunjukkan perilaku berbahaya seperti episode mania, namun hal ini dapat berbahaya dan memberi efek negatif pada orang-orang di sekitarnya.

Oleh karena itu, orang yang sedang mengalami mania parah umumnya harus mendapat perawatan dari rumah sakit. Penanganan yang diberikan antara lain terapi kognitif dan obat-obatan. Sedangkan pada orang yang mengalami hipomania, biasanya dokter memberikan obat-obatan untuk rawat jalan.

 

Baik mania dan hipomania merupakan gejala yang banyak dialami pengidap bipolar. Jika Anda kerap mengalami perubahan suasana hati secara mendadak dan diiringi perilaku mengganggu dan merugikan diri sendiri maupun orang lain sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter untuk mendapat penanganan.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 21:06

Mayo Clinic. Bipolar Disorder. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955#

Cuncic, A. (2021). Hypomania vs Mania: What’s the Difference. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324602#symptoms-of-mania

J. Legg,T. (2019). What Are Mania and Hypomania?. Available from: www.verywellmind.com/hypomania-vs-mania-5208167

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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