Apa Saja Penyebab dan Pemicu Gangguan Bipolar?

Apa Saja Penyebab dan Pemicu Gangguan Bipolar?
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Bipolar adalah gangguan mental yang ditandai dengan perubahan suasana hati ekstrem, dari suasana bahagia (mania) ke depresi. Ketika Anda merasa depresi, Anda akan merasa sedih, putus asa dan kehilangan minat dalam beraktivitas. Sedangkan saat mengalami episode mania, Anda dapat merasa sangat berenergi, mudah tersinggung, hingga merasa senang dan bahagia yang berlebihan. Apa sebenarnya penyebab dan pemicu kondisi bipolar?

 

Penyebab Gangguan Bipolar

Dilansir dari NHS, penyebab pasti bipolar belum diketahui. Para ahli berpendapat bahwa bipolar dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor sehingga menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan suasana hati. Beberapa penyebab bipolar di antaranya:

1. Faktor genetik

Gangguan bipolar diduga dapat menurun karena genetik. Anda memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami bipolar jika dalam riwayat keluarga juga terdapat anggota keluarga dengan gangguan bipolar. Meskipun demikian, tak ada gen tunggal yang terkait dengan gangguan bipolar. Faktor genetik dan pengaruh faktor lingkungan diyakini dapat menjadi pemicu bipolar.

2. Ketidakseimbangan senyawa kimia di otak

Selain faktor genetik, gangguan bipolar juga secara luas dipercaya sebagai akibat ketidakseimbangan senyawa kimia di otak. Senyawa kimia di otak bertanggung jawab untuk mengendalikan fungsi otak di antaranya neurotransmiter, serotonin dan dopamin. Ketika terjadi ketidakseimbangan neurotransmiter, seseorang dapat mengalami gejala bipolar.

Misalnya, ketika kadar noradrenalin cukup tinggi, maka ia dapat mengalami episode mania. Gejala ini ditunjukkan dengan perasaan sangat bahagia dan bersemangat. Sebaliknya, ketika kadar noradrenalinnya cukup rendah ia dapat mengalami depresi. Episode depresi ditandai dengan merasa sedih, putus asa, dan tidak bersemangat.

 

Pemicu Munculnya Gangguan Bipolar

Seseorang dikatakan mengidap bipolar jika mengalami perubahan suasana hati seperti episode mania, hipomania dan depresi. Meskipun belum diketahui penyebabnya, namun ada beberapa hal yang dapat memicu gejala bipolar tersebut, di antaranya:

1. Perubahan waktu tidur

Dilansir Everyday Health, perubahan jam tidur dapat menjadi pemicu bipolar. Pekerja shift malam, pelajar yang sering begadang, pekerja lembur dan orang yang sering bepergian ke zona waktu yang berbeda, memiliki risiko untuk mengalami perubahan suasana hati yang menjadi gejala bipolar.

2. Penggunaan obat-obatan terlarang dan konsumsi alkohol

Pengunaan obat-obatan terlarang dan alkohol sebenarnya tidak dapat memicu gangguan bipolar, namun pengaruh zat yang terdapat di dalamnya dapat memperparah gejala yang muncul. Penggunaan narkotika seperti kokain dan amfetamin dapat memperparah gejala episode mania, sedangkan penggunaan alkohol dapat membuat depresi menjadi lebih buruk.

3. Baru melahirkan

Sebuah penelitian dalam jurnal BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth di tahun 2016 mengungkapkan bahwa perempuan dengan gangguan bipolar memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami episode mania dan depresi selama kehamilan atau selama 12 bulan persalinan. Bukan hanya memengaruhi para ibu, namun sebuah studi menyebutkan bahwa kelahiran bayi dalam keluarga juga dapat memicu gangguan bipolar pada para bapak.

4. Kehilangan orang yang dicintai

Perasaan berduka akibat kehilangan orang yang dicintai diduga dapat memicu gangguan bipolar. Hal ini dapat terjadi ketika seseorang dengan gangguan bipolar terkendali mengalami episode mania setelah kehilangan orang terdekatnya. Para ahli menyarankan para penderita bipolar yang sedang berduka sebaiknya didampingi orang lain untuk mencegah terjadinya hal-hal yang merugikan diri sendiri dan orang lain.

5. Masalah dalam sekolah, pekerjaan, atau rumah tangga

Masalah yang dijumpai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari seperti urusan sekolah, pekerjaan atau rumah tangga dapat menyebabkan stres dan perubahan emosi yang memicu munculnya gejala bipolar. Pengidap bipolar cenderung lebih mudah bereaksi pada hal-hal yang menyebabkan stres. Oleh karena itu, para pengidap bipolar disarankan memiliki manajemen stres yang baik untuk membantu tubuh dan pikiran kembali rileks.

 

Meskipun penyebab gangguan bipolar belum diketahui hingga saat ini, namun dengan mengenali pemicunya diharapkan dapat mengelola gejala bipolar dengan baik. Bagi Anda yang memiliki gejala bipolar, sebaiknya segera memeriksakan diri ke dokter untuk mendapat penanganan. Penanganan bipolar sejak dini dapat mencegah gangguan bipolar menjadi tidak terkendali.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 07:30
Tags : gangguan mental gangguan otak bipolar

Radhakrishnan, R. (2020). What Triggers Bipolar Disorder?. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/what_triggers_bipolar_disorder/article.htm

NHS. Causes - Bipolar Disorder. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/causes/#

WebMD. Mood Swings and Bipolar Disorder. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/guide/mood-swings

Vann, M. (2017). 9 Most Common Triggers for Bipolar Mood Episodes. Available from: https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder-pictures/biggest-triggers-of-bipolar-mood-swings.aspx

Mayo Clinic. Bipolar Disorder. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20355955

Dallas, M. (2021). 7 Triggers That Can Cause a Bipolar Episode. Available from: https://www.everydayhealth.com/bipolar-disorder/triggers-that-cause-bipolar-episode/

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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]
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