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Cedera Otak Traumatik (Traumatic Brain Injury): Kenali Penyebab dan Penanganannya

Cedera Otak Traumatik (Traumatic Brain Injury): Kenali Penyebab dan Penanganannya
Cedera pada otak bisa disebabkan oleh berbagai hal.

Bagikan :


Cedera otak traumatik adalah cedera mendadak yang menyebabkan kerusakan pada otak. Cedera ini dapat terjadi ketika seseorang mengalami pukulan, sentakan atau benturan di kepala. Kondisi cedera otak traumatik juga bisa disebabkan oleh benda tajam atau peluru yang menembus tengkorak. Apa saja penyebabnya dan bagaimana penanganan dari cedera otak traumatik? Simak ulasannya berikut ini.

 

Apa Itu Cedera Otak Traumatik?

Cedera otak traumatik atau traumatic brain injury bisa terjadi ketika ada pukulan atau cedera yang mengenai kepala. Cedera ini dapat berarti luka tusuk, luka tembak, atau cedera tumpul seperti mendapat benturan yang menggoncang kepala dan organ di dalamnya.

Cedera otak traumatik dapat dikelompokkan menjadi cedera derajat ringan, derajat sedang dan berat. Gejala yang timbul juga bisa ringan hingga berat tergantung derajat cedera yang terjadi pada kepala.

Tingkat penyembuhan cedera ini dapat bervariasi tergantung dari tingkat keparahannya. Pada kondisi ringan, umumnya tidak timbul komplikasi jangka panjang pada sel otak. Namun, beberapa pasien dapat mengalami kerusakan otak yang menyebabkannya lumpuh atau mengalami penurunan kemampuan kognitif. Pada kondisi yang sangat berat, pasien bisa mengalami penurunan kesadaran berat seperti koma hingga kematian.

Baca Juga: 5 Kondisi Kesehatan yang Dapat Menyebabkan Perdarahan Otak

 

Penyebab Cedera Otak Traumatik

Otak yang berada dalam kepala dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak. Selain otak, di dalam kepala juga ada pembuluh darah, saraf dan jaringan lainnya. Otak memiliki banyak peran yang penting di tubuh. Oleh karena itu, berbahaya bila kepala terkena pukulan, benturan, goncangan, tusukan atau tembakan yang dapat mencederai organ dan jaringan di dalamnya. Tingkat kerusakan bisa bergantung pada beberapa faktor, termasuk salah satunya kekuatan cedera yang mengenai kepala.

Beberapa peristiwa yang bisa menyebabkan seseorang dapat mengalami cedera otak traumatik antara lain:

  • Jatuh

Terjatuh dari tangga atau terpeleset di kamar mandi menjadi penyebab paling umum dari cedera otak traumatik, terutama pada orang tua dan anak-anak. Jatuh dari ketinggian juga bisa menyebabkan cedera pada otak.

  • Kecelakaan bermotor

Kecelakaan saat berkendara baik ketika Anda mengendarai mobil, sepeda motor atau sepeda dan bahkan jika Anda berjalan kaki, bisa terjadi dan menyebabkan cedera otak traumatik. Kepala bisa terbentur atau terhantam keras sehingga otak mengalami perdarahan atau pembengkakan.

  • Kekerasan

Mendapat pukulan benda tumpul atau kekerasan lain seperti luka tembak, kekerasan dalam rumah tangga hingga penyiksaan anak adalah penyebab cedera kepala yang banyak ditemukan. Shaken baby syndrome, kondisi cedera otak serius yang timbul karena menggoyang atau menggoncang bayi terlalu kenjang menjadi salah satu penyebab cedera otak traumatik.

  • Kecelakaan akibat olahraga

Olahraga yang melibatkan kontak fisik seperti tumbukan badan, pukulan dan tendangan atau olahraga ekstrem memiliki risiko tinggi menyebabkan cedera otak traumatik, terutama pada anak muda. Beberapa jenis olahraga yang berisiko ini di antaranya sepak bola, tinju, hoki, berkuda, atau berseluncur.

  • Ledakan dan cedera akibat perang

Bagi orang-orang yang merupakan personel militer dan aktif di daerah konflik memiliki risiko untuk terkena ledakan. Ledakan yang hebat dapat menyebabkan guncangan hebat secara fisik. Selain itu gelombang tekanan ledakan yang melewati otak secara signifikan juga dapat mengganggu fungsi otak.

Baca Juga: Mengenal Empty Sella Syndrome, Kondisi Langka pada Otak yang Dapat Memengaruhi Hormon

 

Penanganan Cedera Otak Traumatik

Penting untuk segera mencari bantuan medis bila Anda mengalami cedera pada kepala. Pengobatan cedera otak traumatik bergantung pada banyak faktor, seperti lokasi cedera otak, derajat keparahan cedera, bagian kepala dan area otak yang terdampak, atau jika terdapat cedera lain yang menyertai kondisi pasien.

Pada cedera ringan, Anda disarankan untuk beristirahat. Jika terdapat keluhan seperti sakit kepala ringan, Anda bisa mengonsumsi obat pereda nyeri yang diresepkan oleh dokter. Namun bila muncul keluhan pusing, mual dan muntah yang bertambah parah maka sebaiknya periksakan lagi kondisi Anda ke dokter.

Sedangkan pada cedera otak derajat sedang hingga berat, Anda membutuhkan penanganan intensif di rumah sakit untuk menstabilkan kondisi Anda, terutama bila terdapat perdarahan dan penurunan kesadaran. Ketika kondisi pasien sudah lebih stabil, tindakan seperti operasi bisa dilakukan untuk mengatasi perdarahan pada otak, memperbaiki tengkorak yang patah, mengangkat jaringan otak yang mati atau mengurangi tekanan yang meningkat di otak. 

Cedera otak traumatik juga dapat menyebabkan gangguan fisik, emosional dan kognitif. Untuk itu pasien akan membutuhkan terapi sesuai kondisinya, antara lain terapi fisik, terapi wicara, terapi okupasi hingga konseling psikologi.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 20:55

Mayo Clinic. Traumatic Brain Injury. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/traumatic-brain-injury/symptoms-causes/syc-20378557.

Medline Plus. Traumatic Brain Injury. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/traumaticbraininjury.html.

Cleveland Clinic. Traumatic Brain Injury. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8874-traumatic-brain-injury.

Yetman, D. (2022). Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/traumatic-brain-injury-treatment.

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.06msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4468 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • 0: 9606
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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