5 Fakta Seputar Cedera Otak Diffuse Axonal Injury

5 Fakta Seputar Cedera Otak Diffuse Axonal Injury
Ilustrasi penderita diffuse axonal injury menjalani perawatan. Credit: Freepik

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Fakta Seputar Diffuse Axonal Injury

1. Merupakan cedera otak serius

Diffuse axonal injury merupakan cedera otak traumatis yang serius. Pada cedera otak aksonal difus menghasilkan lesi otak pada materi putih di beberapa area otak sehingga disebut difusi. Cedera ini perlu dianggap serius karena memengaruhi beberapa bagian otak yang berbeda dan umumnya dapat berakibat kematian.

Diffuse axonal injury adalah cedera pada bagian akson, bagian dari sel saraf yang berfungsi menghantarkan impuls antar neuron. Ketika bagian ini mengalami robek atau cedera, maka akan terjadi kerusakan dan penurunan kemampuan di otak yang menyebabkan gangguan komunikasi, gangguan saraf jangka panjang, koma dan kematian.

 

2. Cedera yang sulit didiagnosis

Salah satu tantangan dalam mendiagnosis diffuse axonal injury adalah cedera ini memiliki gejala dan efek yang berbeda, tergantung dari lokasi dan seberapa parah cedera otak terjadi. Gejala spesifik dapat bevariasi tergantung dari bagain otak mana yang terkena dampak, tingkat kerusakan akson, kondisi fisik pasien dan perawatan yang diterima.

Dokter akan melakukan pemeriksaan pencitraan saraf dari cedera tersebut untuk mengidentifikasi lesi otak. Namun terkadang hasil pencitraan tidak selalu mengungkapkan lesi otak pada percobaan pertama. Dalam masa perawatan, dokter dapat melakukan pemeriksaan pemindaian berulang untuk mengidentifikasi jenis cedera otak ini.

 

3. Biasanya disebabkan oleh benturan hebat

Cedera aksonal difus lebih sering terjadi pada kecelakaan bertenaga tinggi di mana otak mengalami guncangan hebat sehingga berputar atau bergerak maju mundur di dalam tengkorak. Biasanya jenis trauma ini melibatkan gerakan akselerasi (percepatan) dan deselerasi (perlambatan).

Ketika guncangan ini cukup kuat dan merusak akson, maka hubungan antar saraf akan putus atau terganggu sehingga memengaruhi banyak area di otak. Beberapa area otak yang dapat terkena dampak antara lain materi putih pada lobus frontal dan temporal, corpus callosum, dan batang otak.

Beberapa penyebab utama cedera aksonal difus antara lain kecelakaan kendaraan bermotor, kecelakaan akibat olahraga, kekerasan fisik, jatuh, dan shaken baby syndrome.

 

4. Gejala yang ditimbulkan bervariasi

Pada DAI, cedera menyebabkan robekan atau putusnya aksonal di beberapa bagian otak. Karenanya, beberapa pasien dapat mengalami berbagai efek sekunder tergantung dari tingkat keparahannya.

Gejala utama dari DAI adalah hilangnya kesadaran. Pada kasus ringan, DAI sering ditandai dengan adanya koma tanpa lesi fokal dan kerusakan aksonal di beberapa bagian otak.

Namun tidak semua pasien akan kehilangan kesadaran, Beberapa gejala lain dari cedera ini antara lain:

  • Penurunan kognitif seperti masalah dengan daya ingat, pemecahan masalah dan pengambilan keputusan
  • Kebingungan
  • Mual dan muntah
  • Sulit berkomunikasi
  • Gangguan motorik yang menyebabkan kelumpuhan atau kehilangan keseimbangan
  • Perubahan perilaku seperti mudah marah dan depresi

 

5. Pasien membutuhkan berbagai terapi untuk dapat pulih

Penanganan cedera aksonal difus sering kali lebih menantang untuk diobati daripada cedera otak fokal karena cedera ini memengaruhi banyak area otak. Tingkat keparahan cedera berdampak besar pada prospek pemulihan seseorang. Pada pasien yang sadar kembali dalam waktu dua minggu dianggap memiliki cedera yang lebih dingan dan lebih mungkin untuk pulih lebih cepat.

Namun terlepas dari tingkat keparahan cedera, pasien dapat pulih dengan memanfaatkan neuroplastisitas, yaitu kemampuan otak untuk mengatur ulang sirkuit sarafnya berdasarkan perilaku yang dilakukan berulang kali. Dengan latihan intensif, maka fungsi otak yang mengalami kerusakan dapat dialihkan ke daerah otak yang tidak terdampak cedera.

Beberapa jenis terapi yang bisa dilakukan antara lain:

  • Terapi fisik
  • Terapi wicara
  • Terapi okupasi
  • Terapi perilaku kognitif

 

Jika Anda atau orang terdekat baru saja mengalami cedera kepala, segera periksakan ke dokter. Anda juga dapat berkonsultasi melalui aplikasi Ai Care dengan mengunduhnya di Playstore atau Appstore. 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!
Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Senin, 30 Oktober 2023 | 05:40

John Hopkins Medicine. Traumatic Brain Injury. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/traumatic-brain-injury#

Tran, A. (2021). Diffuse Axonal Injury: Symptoms, Recovery, and Treatment. Available from: https://www.flintrehab.com/diffuse-axonal-injury-recovery/

Young, B. (2018). Diffuse Axonal Injury. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/diffuse-axonal-injury

Morales-Brown. (2022). What to know about diffuse axonal injury. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/diffuse-axonal-injury

 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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