4 Penyebab Utama Diabetes Tipe 2

4 Penyebab Utama Diabetes Tipe 2
Ilustrasi pengukuran gula darah. Credits: Freepik.

Bagikan :


Diabetes melitus tipe 2 dan tipe 1 tidaklah sama. Diabetes tipe 1 terjadi ketika sel tubuh menyerang sel organ pankreas yang berfungsi untuk menghasilkan insulin. Karena insulin berperan untuk mengatur gula darah, karena hampir semua sel-sel tersebut hancur secara permanen, tubuh pasien menjadi tidak bisa mengatur kadar gula darah.

Sementara itu, diabetes tipe 2 melibatkan ketidakmampuan tubuh dalam mengelola gula secara efisien, yang bisa dialami siapa saja di kemudian hari. Terjadi kombinasi antara resistansi terhadap efek hormon insulin dan penurunan produksi insulin yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh seiring berjalannya waktu. Semua hal tersebut bisa menyebabkan dampak jangka panjang yang serius baik pada peredaran darah, fungsi saraf dan kekebalan tubuh.

 

Penyebab Diabetes Tipe 2

Selama ini yang banyak diketahui bahwa makan atau minum-minuman yang manis adalah penyebab utama diabetes tipe 2. Sebenarnya diabetes tipe 2 disebabkan oleh kombinasi beberapa faktor, di antaranya:

Resistansi insulin

Resistansi insulin adalah kondisi di mana sel-sel otot, hati, dan lemak tidak merespon terhadap hormon insulin. Insulin adalah hormon yang diproduksi pankreas dan berperan untuk membawa gula di aliran darah ke sel-sel tubuh yang membutuhkannya. Karena gula sudah diantarkan ke sel, gula yang beredar di aliran darah akan turun dan kadar gula darah menjadi normal. Sebagai respon, tubuh akan memproduksi sedikit insulin.

Ketika sel tubuh mulai resistan terhadap insulin, gula akan tetap banyak yang beredar di aliran darah dan tidak diantar ke sel-sel tubuh yang membutuhkannya. Sebagai respons karena kadar gula darah tetap tinggi, pankreas akan meningkatkan produksi insulin untuk menyeimbangkan resistansi ini.

Namun, seiring berjalannya waktu ketika resistansi insulin terus meningkat maka pankreas akan makin kesulitan dalam memproduksi cukup insulin. Sel-sel pankreas yang memproduksi insulin akhirnya rusak. Kondisi ini menyebabkan peningkatan kadar glukosa dalam darah karena selain glukosa tidak diserap dengan baik oleh sel tubuh, pankreas tidak bisa memproduksi cukup insulin untuk memenuhi kebutuhan tubuh. Pada akhirnya, Anda bisa mengalami diabetes tipe 2.

Kadar gula darah yang tinggi terus-menerus dapat menyebabkan berbagai komplikasi kesehatan, seperti merusak pembuluh darah dan saraf, dan menyebabkan gangguan jantung, gangguan mata, gangguan ginjal dan masalah lainnya.

 

Faktor genetik

Faktor genetik juga berperan dalam risiko seseorang terkena diabetes tipe 2. Tidak semua orang dengan riwayat diabetes tipe 2 dalam keluarga akan memiliki diabetes, namun Anda lebih mungkin terkena penyakitnya bila orang tua atau saudara kandung Anda memiliki diabetes.

Kombinasi dari berbagai mutasi genetik pada seseorang memengaruhi risiko terkena diabetes tipe 2. Mutasi genetik ini berinteraksi dengan faktor lingkungan dan meningkatkan risiko Anda terhadap diabetes. Meskipun demikian, seseorang dengan faktor risiko genetik yang menjalani gaya hidup sehat dapat menurunkan risikonya terhadap diabetes tipe 2 serta komplikasinya.

Baca Juga: Bagaimana Olahraga Rutin Mencegah dan Mengobati Diabetes?

 

Kelebihan berat badan dan obesitas

Kelebihan berat badan dan obesitas meningkatkan risiko terkena diabetes tipe 2 karena adanya resistansi insulin, di mana jaringan tubuh menjadi kurang sensitif terhadap insulin. Perubahan pada metabolisme tubuh menyebabkan jaringan lemak untuk melepas molekul lemak ke dalam darah, yang bisa mengurangi sensitivitas sel tubuh terhadap insulin. Selain itu, lemak visceral atau lemak yang terakumulasi di perut dan organ-organ tubuh, juga berperan terhadap resistansi insulin.

Lemak visceral juga dianggap sebagai "lemak aktif" karena memiliki peran dalam memengaruhi kesiembangan hormon. Menurut penelitian, salah satu protein yang diproduksi lemak visceral, yaitu Retinol Binding Protein 4 (RBP4) telah dikaitkan dengan resistansi insulin. Tingginya RBP4 dapat memperparah resistansi insulin, menyebabkan gangguan dalam metabolisme glukosa dan pada akhirnya meningkatkan risiko diabetes tipe 2.

Baca Juga: Kebiasaan Kecil untuk Mencegah Diabetes Tipe 2

 

Kurangnya aktivitas fisik

Kurangnya aktivitas fisik atau gaya hidup sedenter meningkatkan risiko terkena diabetes tipe 2. Aktivitas fisik membantu tubuh menggunakan glukosa sebagai sumber energi sehingga dapat mengatur dan menurunkan kadar gula darah yang tinggi.

Aktivitas fisik juga membantu membakar kalori dan mengelola berat badan. Berat badan yang sehat dapat membantu mengurangi risiko terjadinya resistansi insulin.

 

Kombinasi faktor-faktor tersebut menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan dalam pengaturan gula darah yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan diabetes tipe 2. Dengan mengubah pola hidup sehat mulai sekarang, Anda bisa menurunkan risiko diabetes tipe 2 dan juga penyakit kronis lainnya.

Manfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan untuk menurunkan risiko diabetes tipe 2 dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Senin, 13 November 2023 | 06:34

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Type 2 Diabetes. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/21501-type-2-diabetes 

Mayo Clinic (2023). Type 2 diabetes. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/symptoms-causes/syc-20351193 

Health Direct (2021). Type 2 diabetes. Available from: https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/type-2-diabetes 

Lia Tabackman (2023). Is Type 2 Diabetes Genetic?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/genetics 

Diabetes.co.uk (2022). Diabetes and Obesity. Available from: https://www.diabetes.co.uk/diabetes-and-obesity.html 

Diabetes.co.uk (2019). Visceral Fat (Active Fat). Available from: https://www.diabetes.co.uk/body/visceral-fat.html 

CDC (2022). Physical Inactivity. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/factsheets/physical-activity.htm 

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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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