4 Jenis Penyakit Glaukoma dan Perbedaannya

4 Jenis Penyakit Glaukoma dan Perbedaannya
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Glaukoma merupakan salah satu penyakit mata di mana mata mengalami kerusakan saraf optik. Saraf optik ini memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam mengirimkan informasi visual dari mata ke otak. Artinya jika saraf optik mengalami kerusakan, maka Anda akan sulit untuk melihat dengan baik.

Glaukoma menjadi salah satu penyebab utama kebutaan pada orang dewasa, terutama pada mereka yang berusia di atas 60 tahun. Ini menjadi penyebab kebutaan kedua setelah katarak.

 

Mengenal Jenis-Jenis Penyakit Glaukoma

Glaukoma sendiri memiliki beberapa jenis yang berbeda-beda, berdasarkan penyebabnya, di antaranya:

Open-angle glaucoma (OAG)

OAG merupakan salah satu tipe paling umum glaukoma, di mana orang yang mengalaminya mungkin tidak merasakan gejala apa pun sampai mulai kehilangan penglihatan. Para ahli tidak sepenuhnya memahami apa penyebab dari tipe glaukoma yang satu ini. Namun, tekanan intraokular yang meningkat diyakini sebagai faktor penyebab utama.

Jika cairan di mata tidak dapat mengalir dengan cukup cepat, tekanan intraokular akan meningkat. Kemudian, kondisi ini dapat merusak saraf optik di bagian belakang mata, yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan kehilangan penglihatan dan kebutaan.

OAG juga memiliki beberapa faktor risiko seperti pada orang dengan tekanan darah tinggi, diabetes, serta faktor genetik.

Baca Juga: Ini Bahayanya Jika Anda Mengalami Glaukoma dan Mata Kering

 

Closed-angle glaucoma

Closed angle glaucoma atau disebut juga narrow angle glaucoma adalah jenis langka dari glaukoma yang sering muncul secara tiba-tiba. Hal ini terjadi ketika sudut antara iris dan kornea terlalu sempit atau ketika pupil tiba-tiba membesar terlalu cepat.

Pupil yang melebar secara tiba-tiba dapat menyebabkan iris menempel di kornea dan menyumbat saluran drainase di sudut mata. Akibatnya cairan tidak bisa keluar dari mata, meningkatkan tekanan intraokular secara drastis dan menyebabkan serangkaian gejala, di antaranya:

  • Nyeri parah di mata
  • Kemerahan pada mata
  • Penurunan penglihatan
  • Lingkaran cahaya berwarna di sekitar lampu
  • Sakit kepala
  • Mual
  • Muntah

 

Normal-tension glaucoma

Normal tension glaucoma atau glaukoma tekanan normal adalah kondisi di mana kerusakan saraf optik terjadi meskipun tekanan intraokular berada dalam kisaran normal atau tidak terlalu tinggi. Ini adalah salah satu jenis glaukoma yang paling sering dialami.

Para ahli belum sepenuhnya memahami mengapa kondisi ini bisa terjadi. Namun, faktor genetik dan riwayat keluarga menjadi faktor risiko utama dari kondisi ini.

Pada glaukoma tekanan normal, kerusakan saraf optik terjadi tanpa gejala yang nyata. Saraf optik diibaratkan sebagai kabel listrik yang penting dalam mentransmisikan sinyal visual mata ke otak. Ketika serabut saraf ini mati, titik buta penglihatan akan muncul.

Tanda-tanda awal glaukoma tekanan normal sering kali terjadi pada hilangnya penglihatan tepi atau samping, yang dapat membuat seseorang melewatkan banyak hal dalam penglihatan sehari-hari. Seiring dengan perkembangan penyakit, penglihatan akan menyempit, seperti melihat melalui terowongan. Jika kerusakan saraf optik sudah parah, kebutaan dapat terjadi.

Baca Juga: Gejala dan Penyebab Glaukoma Kongenital pada Bayi

 

Glaukoma kongenital

Glaukoma kongenital terjadi ketika saluran drainase di mata bayi tidak terbentuk dengan baik selama berada di dalam kandungan. Hal ini bisa terjadi karena faktor genetik atau perkembangan yang abnormal.

Glaukoma kongenital dapat dideteksi sejak bayi lahir. Gejalanya juga dapat muncul selama awal masa kanak-kanak. Gejala yang mungkin terlihat termasuk mata yang memerah, air mata berlebihan, sensitivitas terhadap cahaya, kornea yang berkabut, pembesaran mata, serta ketidakmampuan bayi menanggapi rangsangan visual.

Glaukoma kongenital membutuhkan perhatian medis segera untuk mencegah kerusakan penglihatan permanen. Dengan pengobatan, maka tekanan intraokular dapat diturunkan. Dokter juga mungkin memberikan terapi laser atau, bahkan memperbaiki saluran drainase air mata melalui pembedahan untuk mengembalikan fungsinya.

Walaupun glaukoma tidak bisa disembuhkan, namun dengan pengobatan untuk mengatasi gejalanya, maka perkembangan penyakit dan keparahannya bisa dicegah. Segera periksakan diri ke dokter apabila mengalami nyeri di mata yang tidak diketahui penyebabnya, sakit kepala, sensitif terhadap cahaya, mual dan muntah serta mata merah.

Anda juga bisa memanfaatkan layanan konsultasi kesehatan dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care melalui App Store atau Play Store.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Kamis, 14 Maret 2024 | 08:11

Cleveland Clinic (2022). Glaucoma. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4212-glaucoma 

Kierstan Boyd (2023). What Is Glaucoma? Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis, Treatment. Available from: https://www.aao.org/eye-health/diseases/what-is-glaucoma 

Mayo Clinic (2022). Glaucoma. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/glaucoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20372839 

Navid Mahabadi, et all (2022). Open Angle Glaucoma. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441887 

National Eye Institute (2021). Types of Glaucoma. Available from: https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/glaucoma/types-glaucoma 

Douglas J. Rhee, MD (2023). Angle-Closure Glaucoma. Available from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/eye-disorders/glaucoma/angle-closure-glaucoma 

WebMD (2022). What Is Normal-Tension Glaucoma?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/normal-tension-glaucoma 

Joseph Saling (2022). What Is Primary Congenital Glaucoma?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/primary-congenital-glaucoma 

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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