4 Cara Umum Penularan Virus HIV yang Perlu Diketahui

4 Cara Umum Penularan Virus HIV yang Perlu Diketahui

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Infeksi virus HIV (Human Immunideficiency Virus) jika tidak ditangani dengan tepat dapat berkembang menjadi kondisi serius yang dikenal dengan istilah AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). Hingga kini, pasien HIV/AIDS terus mengalami peningkatan termasuk di Indonesia. Dilansir dari data Kemenkes, jumlah Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) di Indonesia pada periode Januari-Maret 2021 mencapai 7.650 orang yang didominasi kelompok usia 25-49 tahun (71,3%) dan berjenis kelamin laki-laki (69%).

Berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk menekan angka penularan HIV/AIDS, salah satunya adalah dengan meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat akan penyebaran dan komplikasi HIV yang menyebabkan daya tahan tubuh menurun. Sampai saat ini masih banyak kesalahpahaman yang beredar di masyarakat tentang cara penularan HIV/AIDS, akibatnya angka penularan HIV/AIDS terus meningkat dan sulit ditekan.

Cara penularan virus HIV

Penyakit AIDS dapat terjadi akibat infeksi virus HIV yang menyerang sel CD4. Sel CD4 adalah bagian dari sistem imun tubuh yang bertugas melawan infeksi. Ketika sel ini terinfeksi, maka sel CD4 akan turun drastis dan tidak mampu melawan viral load HIV. Akibatnya tubuh rentan terkena infeksi dan tahap akhir infeksi HIV inilah yang dikenal dengan istilah AIDS.

Virus HIV dapat menular melalui cairan tubuh seperti darah, air mani, cairan vagina, dan air susu ibu. Untuk dapat menginfeksi tubuh, virus ini harus bersentuhan dengan selaput lendir, jaringan yang rusak atau disuntikkan langsung ke dalam aliran darah. Selaput lendir ini terdapat dalam rektum, vagina, penis dan mulut.

Dilansir dari Mayo Clinic, berikut ini cara penularan virus HIV yang paling umum:

1. Hubungan seksual

Seseorang dapat terinfeksi HIV dengan melakukan hubungan seksual tanpa kondom baik melalui vagina dan seks anal. Virus ini dapat masuk ke tubuh Anda melalui luka atau robekan kecil yang terjadi di rektum atau vagina ketika melakukan hubungan seksual. Selain itu, berhubungan seksual dengan berganti-ganti pasangan juga membuat seseorang berisiko terinfeksi HIV.

2. Menggunakan jarum suntik bergantian

HIV dapat menular melalui pengunaan jarum suntik secara bergantian. Ketika seseorang menggunakan jarum suntik bekas dari orang yang terinfeksi HIV maka ia berisiko tertular HIV. Penggunaan jarum suntik umumnya terjadi saat penggunaan narkotika atau saat pembuatan tato.

3. Penularan dari ibu ke janin

Penularan HIV juga dapat menular dari ibu yang mengalami positif HIV pada janin yang dikandungnya. Penularan dalam kandungan dapat terjadi melalui tali plasenta saat terjadi pertukaran makanan untuk janin.

Risiko penularan HIV dari ibu ke bayi juga dapat terjadi ketika proses persalinan baik dalam persalinan melalui vagina maupun operasi caesar. Ibu yang positif HIV juga dapat menularkan virus pada bayi melalui ASI. Untuk itu, ibu dengan HIV tidak dianjurkan untuk memberikan ASI pada bayinya.

4. Transfusi darah

Penularan HIV juga dapat terjadi ketika seseorang menjadi penerima darah dari penderita HIV. Namun kondisi ini sangat jarang terjadi karena prosedur donor darah harus melalui pemeriksaan yang cukup ketat termasuk skrining HIV.

 

Selain cara penularan di atas, HIV juga dapat menular dengan cara yang tidak umum seperti melalui donor organ, tergigit seseorang yang positif HIV hingga menimbulkan luka terbuka, penggunaan sex toys bergantian, dan penggunaan jarum suntik bergantian dalam tindik atau perawatan kecantikan lainnya.

HIV termasuk virus yang berkembang dengan sangat cepat. Namun penyebaran HIV tetap dapat dicegah dengan baik. Untuk meminimalisir penularan, hindari melakukan seks bebas tanpa kondom dan penggunaan jarum secara bergantian. Bagi ibu hamil, dianjurkan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan rutin untuk mencegah penularan HIV dari ibu ke janin terutama bagi ibu yang memiiki riwayat atau potensi terinfeksi HIV.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 19:04

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Perkembangan HIV AIDS & PIMS di Indonesia Triwulan I Tahun 2021. Mei 2021.

CDC. HIV Transmission. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/transmission.html.

Mayo Clinic. HIV/AIDS. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524#.

CDC. What body fluids transmit HIV?. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/hiv-transmission/body-fluids.html.

Healthline. Busting HIV Transmission Myths. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/transmission-myths#ways-it-cant-be-transmitted.

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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • 0: 1843
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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