Kenali Jenis Virus Hepatitis yang Dapat Menyerang Anak-Anak

Kenali Jenis Virus Hepatitis yang Dapat Menyerang Anak-Anak
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Hepatitis telah menjadi penyakit yang disorot seluruh dunia saat ini, terutama karena adanya KLB (Kejadian Luar Biasa) hepatitis akut yang tidak diketahui penyebabnya. Hepatitis sendiri sebenarnya bukan jenis penyakit yang baru. Istilah hepatitis digunakan untuk menggambarkan adanya peradangan pada hati.

Secara umum, hepatitis dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa jenis virus, baik virus hepatitis maupun virus lain, paparan zat kimia, obat-obatan, alkohol, adanya kelainan genetik atau sistem kekebalan tubuh yang terlalu aktif dan menyerang hati (hepatitis autoimun). Hepatitis akut dapat muncul secara tiba-tiba dan kemudian sembuh dengan sendirinya. Hal ini karena organ liver memiliki kemampuan untuk meregenerasi dalam beberapa hari sampai minggu setelah mengalami cedera.

 

Gejala Umum Hepatitis

Menurut NHS UK, hepatitis akut seringkali tidak menunjukkan gejala nyata sehingga kerap tidak disadari. Namun ketika gejalanya sangat mungkin berkembang, di antaranya:

  • Demam
  • Merasa tubuh tidak enak
  • Kelelahan
  • Kehilangan nafsu makan
  • Sakit perut
  • Kulit yang terasa gatal
  • Kulit dan mata berubah menjadi kuning (jaundice)
  • Urine berwarna gelap
  • Tinja berwarna pucat, abu-abu atau putih

 

Virus Penyebab Hepatitis pada Anak

Hepatitis terutama disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis A, B, C, D dan E dan masing-masing strain virus memiliki media penularan yang berbeda-beda.

 

Hepatitis A

Hepatitis A disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis A yang biasanya disebarkan melalui konsumsi makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi dengan kotoran orang yang terinfeksi. Jenis hepatitis ini paling sering terjadi di negara-negara dengan sanitasi yang buruk.

Virus hepatitis A juga dapat ditularkan oleh orang yang terinfeksi ketika ia tidak mencuci tangannya dengan benar setelah menggunakan kamar mandi. Virus dapat menyebar dari tangan orang tersebut pada orang lain yang tinggal di lingkungan yang sama. Masa inkubasi virus sekitar 2 - 6 minggu, di mana virus sudah dapat menular ke orang lain.

 

Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis B yang dapat ditularkan melalui darah orang yang terinfeksi, jarum suntik, atau cairan tubuh. Ketika orang dewasa terinfeksi virus hepatitis B, maka tubuh dapat melawan virus dan pulih dari infeksi sepenuhnya dalam beberapa bulan. Sayangnya ketika virus menginfeksi ibu hamil dan ditularkan pada janin, anak-anak yang terinfeksi berisiko mengembangkan infeksi jangka panjang dan mengalami hepatitis kronis. Kondisi ini dapat menyebabkan anak mengalami sirosis hati dan kanker hati apabila tidak segera diobati.

 

Hepatitis C

Sama seperti hepatitis B, proses infeksi umumnya menular melalui darah atau terjadi dari ibu ke anaknya saat dilahirkan. Virus ini dapat menyebabkan kanker hati dan sirosis dalam jangka panjang.

 

Hepatitis D

Hepatitis D disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis D yang biasanya hanya ditemukan pada orang-orang yang pernah terinfeksi hepatitis B.

 

Hepatitis E

Hepatitis E atau disebut juga hepatitis enterik (berhubungan dengan usus) memiliki kemiripan dengan hepatitis A, ditularkan melalui jalur fekal-oral. Kasus ini banyak dilaporkan terjadi di Asia dan Afrika, terutama di area dengan sanitasi yang buruk. Secara umum hepatitis E merupakan infeksi ringan dan berjangka pendek, namun pada anak-anak dengan kekebalan tubuh yang lemah penyakit ini bisa cukup berbahaya.

 

Virus Lainnya

Menurut Stanford Children's Health, selain 5 jenis virus hepatitis, anak-anak juga dapat mengalami hepatitis bila terinfeksi beberapa jenis virus berikut ini:

  • Sitomegalovirus - virus yang merupakan bagian dari keluarga herpes
  • Virus Epstein-Barr - virus yang juga dapat menyebabkan mononukelosis
  • Virus herpes simpleks - herpes yang menyerang wajah, kulit di atas pinggang atau alat kelamin
  • Varicella zoster - komplikasi dari infeksi virus cacar air ini dapat menyebabkan hepatitis
  • Enterovirus - sekelompok virus yang sering menyerang anak-anak termasuk virus coxsackie dan echovirus
  • Rubella - virus yang menyebabkan ruam pada kulit
  • Adenovirus - kelompok virus yang menyebabkan pilek, radang amandel, infeksi telinga dan diare pada anak-anak
  • Virus parvo - salah satu virus yang dapat menyebabkan hepatitis di mana salah satu gejalanya adalah ruam pada pipi anak

Langkah pertama untuk mengetahui apakah anak Anda terinfeksi hepatitis atau tidak adalah dengan mengunjungi dokter dan mendapatkan pemeriksaan. Dokter mungkin akan merekomendasikan tes darah untuk mengetahui kadar enzim pada hati, fungsi hati, reaksi berantai antibodi dan polimerase, hitung darah seluler dan tes koagulasi. Pastikan Anda segera memeriksakan anak apabila anak menunjukkan gejala hepatitis.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Senin, 17 April 2023 | 02:13

John Hopkins Medicine. Hepatitis in Children. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis-in-children

John Hopkins Medicine. Hepatitis A. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/hepatitis/hepatitis-a

WHO. Hepatitis. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hepatitis#tab=tab_1

NHS UK (2019). Hepatitis. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/hepatitis/

Stanford Children's Health. Hepatitis in Children. Available from: https://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=hepatitis-in-children-90-P02517

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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