Inilah Bedanya Preeklamsia dan Eklamsia

Inilah Bedanya Preeklamsia dan Eklamsia
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Tekanan darah menentukan seberapa besar kekuatan darah Anda untuk mendorong dinding pembuluh darah ketika jantung sedang memompa darah. Disebut sebagai tekanan darah tinggi atau hipertensi apabila kekuatan dorongan terhadap dinding arteri terlalu tinggi. Tingginya tekanan darah pada ibu hamil salah satunya dikenal dengan istilah preeklamsia.

Sama halnya seperti diabetes gestasional, preeklamsia dan eklamsia pada ibu hamil tidak diketahui dengan tepat apa penyebabnya. Para ahli meyakini bahwa adanya kelainan pada lapisan pembuluh darah serta kombinasi faktor pengaruh genetik dan lingkungan menjadi pemicunya. Selain itu, faktor nutrisi, obesitas dan sistem imun juga dapat berperan dalam perkembangan kondisi tersebut.

Preeklamsia apabila tidak mendapatkan perawatan yang tepat dapat berkembang menjadi eklamsia. Apa itu preeklamsia dan eklamsia? Yuk ikuti bahasan singkat berikut.

 

Apa Itu Preeklamsia?

Preeklamsia adalah kondisi medis serius yang dapat terjadi di sekitar pertengahan kehamilan (setelah usia kehamilan 20 minggu). Kondisi tersebut disebabkan oleh adanya tekanan darah tinggi yang berkembang selama kehamilan.

Ibu hamil dengan preeklamsia kerap memiliki tekanan darah tinggi (hipertensi) di mana tekanan darah meningkat lebih tinggi dari 140/90 dan kadar protein yang tinggi dalam urin (proteinuria). Preeklamsia meningkatkan tekanan darah pada jantung dan organ lain, dan berisiko menyebabkan komplikasi serius, di antaranya:

  • Solusio plasenta, di mana plasenta terlepas dari dinding rahim
  • Pertumbuhan janin yang buruk yang diakibatkan kekurangan nutrisi dan oksigen
  • Kelahiran prematur
  • Bayi lahir dengan berat badan lahir rendah
  • Kelahiran mati pada bayi
  • Kerusakan pada ginjal, hati, otak dan organ serta sistem darah lainnya
  • Meningkatnya risiko penyakit jantung

 

Gejala Preeklamsia

Sebagian besar ibu hamil dengan preeklamsia tidak memiliki gejala apapun. Gejala dapat diketahui dengan melakukan pemeriksaan tekanan darah serta protein di dalam urin. Namun terkadang ada beberapa tanda yang bisa diamati di antaranya:

  • Sakit kepala
  • Penglihatan buram atau sensitif terhadap cahaya
  • Adanya bintik-bintik gelap dalam penglihatan
  • Sakit perut sebelah kanan
  • Pembengkakan di tangan dan wajah
  • Sesak nafas

 

Apa itu Eklamsia?

Eklamsia adalah ketika ibu hamil dengan preeklamsia mengalami kejang hingga penurunan kesadaran. Para ahli sedang berusaha untuk memahami apa penyebab eklamsia dan mencari cara pencegahan serta pengobatan. Kasus ini jarang terjadi namun seorang Ibu hamil dapat mengalami kejang walaupun tidak memiliki riwayat kejang sebelumnya.

Seorang ibu hamil dapat mengembangkan eklamsia apabila:

  • Memiliki tekanan darah tinggi gestasional kronis selama kehamilan
  • Berusia lebih dari 35 tahun atau kurang dari 20 tahun saat sedang hamil
  • Memiliki bayi kembar
  • Merupakan kehamilan pertama
  • Memiliki riwayat diabetes atau kondisi lain yang mempengaruhi pembuluh darah
  • Memiliki riwayat penyakit ginjal

Sama seperti preeklamsia, eklamsia juga mempengaruhi plasenta sehingga plasenta tidak berfungsi dengan baik dan tidak dapat menghantarkan oksigen serta nutrisi dari darah ibu ke janin. Akibatnya bayi akan lahir dengan berat badan lahir rendah atau memiliki masalah kesehatan lainnya.

Eklamsia meningkatkan risiko persalinan prematur serta kondisi bayi lahir mati.

Tidak ada obat khusus untuk dapat menyembuhkan preeklamsia dan eklamsia. Selama kehamilan, dokter akan melakukan pemantauan tekanan darah dan meresepkan beberapa obat untuk membantu perkembangan paru-paru bayi serta mengontrol tekanan darah hingga saat persalinan. Adakalanya dokter mengijinkan Anda untuk menjalani persalinan normal, namun terkadang ibu dengan preeklamsia harus menjalani persalinan dengan operasi cesar terutama bila bayi harus dilahirkan prematur.

Pastikan selalu melakukan pemeriksaan rutin sesuai yang dijadwalkan oleh dokter dan mengonsumsi obat yang telah diresepkan apabila Anda didiagnosis dengan preeklamsia.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 03:43

National Institute Health. Preeclampsia and Eclampsia. Available from: https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/preeclampsia

Melissa Conrad Stöppler, MD. Pregnancy: Preeclampsia vs.Eclampsia. Available from: https://www.medicinenet.com/pregnancy_preeclampsia_and_eclampsia/article.htm

Traci C. Johnson, MD (2021). Understanding Preeclampsia and Eclampsia -- the Basics. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/hypertension-high-blood-pressure/guide/understanding-preeclampsia-eclampsia-basic-information

Medline Plus (2019). High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Preeclampsia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17952-preeclampsia

Brindles Lee Macon (2018). Eclampsia. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/eclampsia

Medline Plus (2020). Eclampsia. Available from: https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000899.htm

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.09msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 250 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 250
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.14msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4843 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Bindings
        • 0: 8501
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • 0: 6048
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new990μsselect * from `term_policies`
        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      App\Models\Admin\Post
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      App\User
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      App\Models\Admin\Page
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