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  • Sudah Pernah Terpapar, Mungkinkah Penyintas Mengalami Reinfeksi Covid-19?

Sudah Pernah Terpapar, Mungkinkah Penyintas Mengalami Reinfeksi Covid-19?

Sudah Pernah Terpapar, Mungkinkah Penyintas Mengalami Reinfeksi Covid-19?

Bagikan :


Umumnya, orang yang sudah pernah terpapar infeksi virus akan memiliki kekebalan pada penyakit tersebut. Namun pada infeksi virus Covid-19, ditemukan kasus bahwa beberapa orang yang sudah pulih dari Covid-19 dapat tertular infeksi lagi (reinfeksi). Apa dan bagaimana reinfeksi terjadi? Benarkah kekebalan yang terbentuk setelah infeksi tidak dapat bertahan lama?

 

Apa itu reinfeksi Covid-19?

Reinfeksi Covid-19 adalah infeksi kedua atau lebih pada seseorang yang telah sembuh dari infeksi pertama oleh penyebab yang sama. Sebuah penelitian menyebutkan bahwa seseorang yang pernah terinfeksi Covid-19 dengan gejala berat bisa mengalami reinfeksi 4 bulan setelah infeksi pertama dengan gejala ringan.

 

Namun tak mudah untuk menyatakan apakah seseorang mengalami reinfeksi atau reaktivasi virus. Untuk memastikannya, diperlukan pengambilan sampel untuk mengurutkan genome virus dengan mengambil sampel dari kasus pertama dan berikutnya. Dari kedua sampel tersebut kemudian dibandingkan untuk mengetahui apakah ada kesamaan struktur atau varian jenis virus. Apabila hasil tersebut sama, maka pasien mengalami reaktivasi, sedangkan jika berbeda maka pasien akan mengalami reinfeksi.

 

Tes pengambilan sampel inilah yang jarang dilakukan pada pasien karena prosesnya rumit dan membutuhkan waktu lama. Selain itu tes genome juga membutuhkan laboratorium dengan perlengkapan tertentu untuk menjalankan tes tersebut. Akibatnya, sulit diketahui apakah seseorang yang terinfeksi Covid-19 untuk kedua kalinya mengalami reinfeksi atau reaktivasi Covid-19.

 

Apa penyebab reinfeksi Covid-19?

Belum ada penelitian pasti mengenai penyebab reinfeksi Covid-19, namun para ahli menduga hal ini disebabkan oleh tingginya viral load yang ada saat orang tersebut berkerumun atau beraktivitas di luar yang menyebabkan tertularnya virus Covid-19. Penyebab lain adalah dugaan munculnya varian baru yang mungin dapat menurunkan efikasi antibodi dari kasus infeksi pertama dan pengaruh menurunnya daya tahan tubuh akibat long covid.

 

Apakah reinfeksi Covid-19 lebih berbahaya?

Menurut penelitian, kasus reinfeksi Covid-19 jarang terjadi. Rata-rata jarak waktu reinfeksi dengan infeksi pertama Covid-19 pada pasien reinfeksi yang tercatat adalah sekitar + 95 hari dan risiko terjadinya reinfeksi Covid-19 diperkirakan akan sangat kecil pada 3 bulan pertama setelah terinfeksi.

 

Sebuah penelitian menyebutkan bahwa pada pasien Covid-19 dengan gejala ringan pada infeksi pertama, kemudian mengalami reinfeksi dengan gejala yang lebih berat. Namun, pada kasus lain juga didapati pasien dengan gejala berat pada infeksi pertama dapat mengalami gejala ringan pada infeksi kedua.

 

Para ahli menduga infeksi pertama dianggap memberi banyak perlindungan dan kekebalan sehingga kasus infeksi kedua sangat jarang terjadi. Jika terjadi, gejala yang ditunjukkan umumnya termasuk gejala ringan.

 

Hingga saat ini peneliti belum dapat menyimpulkan apakah gejala reinfeksi pasti lebih ringan dari infeksi sebelumnya atau tidak. Namun, para penyintas tetap dianjurkan untuk mematuhi protokol kesehatan.

 

Jika sudah vaksin, bisakah penyintas mengalami reinfeksi?

Menurut aturan Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia, penyintas Covid-19 dapat menerima vaksin 3 bulan setelah dinyatakan sembuh. Banyak yang beranggapan bahwa setelah vaksin orang akan memiliki kekebalan mutlak dari virus Covid-19, apalagi sebelumnya sudah pernah terinfeksi Covid-19, namun hal ini belum bisa dibuktikan secara medis.

 

Faktanya, meskipun vaksin Covid-19 diharapkan dapat menekan angka penularan Covid-19 namun upaya ini tetap harus disertai penerapan protokol kesehatan dengan baik. Selalu gunakan masker saat berada di tempat umum, jaga jarak dengan orang lain dan rajin mencuci tangan dengan sabun untuk melindungi diri sendiri dan keluarga. 

 

Writer: Ratih

Edited by: dr. Nadya Hambali

Last updated: 07-Juni-2021

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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      App\User
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          Date ↕MethodURLData
          #12025-04-12 06:46:49GET/covid-19/sudah-pernah-terpapar-mungkinkah-penyintas-mengalami-reinfeksi-covid-19102631