Kenali 5 Tahapan dalam Berduka

Kenali 5 Tahapan dalam Berduka
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Kehidupan manusia tidak selalu penuh rasa bahagia. Ada kalanya dalam hidup manusia merasakan kesedihan termasuk karena kehilangan orang yang dicintai. Perjalanan setiap orang dalam menghadapi kesedihan berbeda-beda, namun umumnya manusia melewati beberapa tahapan hingga akhirnya bisa menerima keadaan.

 

Tahapan Dalam Berduka

Kesedihan merupakan respon alami terhadap kehilangan. Anda dapat merasakan kesedihan akibat rasa sakit, kecewa, kehilangan sesuatu atau seseorang yang Anda cintai. Kehilangan dapat menghadirkan berbagai perasaan yang luar biasa mulai dari marah, tidak peraya, rasa bersalah, hingga sedih yang mendalam.

Seorang psikiater bernama Elisabeth Kübler-Ross merumuskan teori mengenai tahapan kesedihan. Menurutnya, ada 5 tahapan ketika orang berduka yaitu:

 

1. Tahap penyangkalan (denial)

Tahap pertama ketika seseorang berduka adalah penyangkalan. Dilansir dari Verywell Mind, tahap penyangkalan sebenarnya membantu kita meminimalkan rasa sakit yang luar biasa karena kehilangan. Kehilangan mengubah banyak hal dalam hidup. Butuh waktu bagi otak dan pikiran manusia untuk memproses semua informasi dan kenyataan baru yang dihadapi. Proses penyangkalan membantu mengalihkan pikiran Anda selama Anda menyesuaikan diri dengan kenyataan baru ini. Tahapan penyangkalan mencoba untuk meminimalisir luka batin yang dirasakan dan memberi Anda waktu untuk melewatinya secara perlahan.

2. Tahap marah (anger)

Usai tahap penyangkalan, seseorang akan memasuki tahap marah (anger). Muncul perasaan tidak terima mengapa peristiwa ini harus terjadi dalam kehidupannya. Amarah yang muncul merupakan salah satu cara untuk menyesuaikan diri dengan kenyataan baru. Begitu banyak perasaan emosional yang muncul dan yang paling mudah disalurkan adalah perasaan marah.

Pada tahapan ini, amarah juga dapat berbentuk pikiran atau pertanyaan seperti “mengapa harus terjadi pada saya?” dan “apa salah saya?”. Pertanyaan bernada amarah ini dapat ditujukan ke siapa pun, baik pada diri sendiri, pada Tuhan, maupun pada orang-orang di sekitar. 

3. Tahap tawar-menawar (bargaining)

Di tahapan ini, orang yang berduka mulai merasa seperti kehilangan harapan dan bersedia melakukan apa pun asal dapat menggantikan situasi yang ia rasakan saat ini. Tahapan ini merupakan bentuk pertahanan emosional karena tidak aneh bagi seseorang untuk merasa tidak berdaya dan rela melakukan apapun agar rasa sakitnya berkurang.

Pada tahapan ini pikiran seseorang akan dipenuhi pertanyaan atau tawaran yang bersifat negosiatif seperti “Bagaimana jika….”, “Seandainya saja….”, dan lain-lain. Pada tahapan ini seseorang kerap berasumsi dan meyakini jika saja tidak terjadi suatu peristiwa A, atau tidak memilih X, maka keadaan sekarang tentu akan lebih baik. Namun, pada tahap ini sudah mulai tumbuh kesadaran bahwa tidak ada lagi yang bisa dilakukan untuk mengubah kejadian yang sudah lewat.

4. Tahap depresi (depression)

Di tengah tahapan memproses duka cita, secara perlahan seseorang mulai dapat menerima kesedihan. Mereka mulai menyadari bahwa benar-benar tidak ada yang bisa dilakukan lagi untuk mengubah apa yang sudah terjadi.

Di tahapan ini, perasaan sedih dan putus asa mulai terasa semakin nyata dan dalam. Sering kali masa-masa ini dihabiskan dengan menangis, mengurung diri, menarik diri dari kegiatan sosial, sulit tidur dan kehilangan nafsu makan. Tahapan ini merupakan tahapan paling berat karena seseorang rentan mengalami putus asa dan muncul keinginan bunuh diri. Jika diperlukan, pada tahapan ini seseorang dapat berkonsultasi dengan psikolog atau psikiater untuk menenangkan diri.

5. Tahap penerimaan (acceptance)

Tahap terakhir dari berduka adalah tahap penerimaan. Di tahapan ini, bukan berarti seseorang berhenti merasakan kehilangan. Rasa sedih dan kehilangan itu tetap ada, namun sudah tidak ada lagi perlawanan terhadap kenyataan. Tidak ada lagi amarah dan pikiran untuk melawan kenyataan agar keadaan berubah menjadi hal yang diinginkan.

Meskipun masih ada perasaan sedih, namun seseorang sudah dapat belajar menerima kenyataan dan menyesuaikan diri dengan kehilangan yang dialami. Secara perlahan, seseorang akan mulai belajar dari pengalaman dan menjadikan kenyataan pahit tersebut sebagai pembelajaran di masa depan.

Setiap orang memiliki cara masing-masing dalam menghadapi rasa dukanya. Meskipun tahapan berduka secara umum dapat diringkas menjadi 5 tahapan seperti di atas, namun masing-masing tahapan dapat berjalan dalam jangka waktu yang berbeda pada setiap orang. Perasaan berduka bersifat personal dan tidak bisa disamakan antara satu orang dengan orang lain. Anda bisa berduka selama beberapa minggu atau bahkan hitungan tahun.

Jika Anda atau orang terdekat Anda membutuhkan bantuan untuk melewati masa dukanya, jangan ragu untuk bicara dengan para ahli seperti psikolog atau psikiater. Penanganan rasa kehilangan yang tepat dapat membantu Anda untuk kembali menata hidup dan menjalani hari esok dengan lebih baik.

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 01:58

Clarke, J. (2021). The Five Stages of Grief. Available from: https://www.verywellmind.com/five-stages-of-grief-4175361

Holland, K. (2018). What You Should Know About the Stages of Grief. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/stages-of-grief

Mayo Clinic Staff. Grief: Coping With Reminders After a Loss. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/end-of-life/in-depth/grief/art-20045340

NHS. Grief after bereavement or loss. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/feelings-symptoms-behaviours/feelings-and-symptoms/grief-bereavement-loss/

American Psychological Association. (2020). Grief: Coping with the loss of your loved one. Available from: https://www.apa.org/topics/families/grief

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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