Diabetes Insipidus, Ketahui Gejala dan Penyebabnya

Diabetes Insipidus, Ketahui Gejala dan Penyebabnya

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Apakah Anda pernah mendengar tentang penyakit diabetes insipidus? Diabetes insipidus adalah kondisi di mana tubuh kehilangan terlalu banyak cairan melalui buang air kecil yang akhirnya menyebabkan risiko signifikan dari dehidrasi.

Orang yang mengalami diabetes insipidus biasanya menghasilkan urin yang berlebihan sehingga selalu merasa haus karena sering buang air kecil. Diabetes insipidus bukan bagian dari diabetes melitus (DM tipe 1 dan tipe 2). Dilansir Medical News Today, diabetes insipidus memiliki dua tipe yang berbeda:

  • Diabetes insipidus nefrogenik
  • Diabetes insipidus sentral atau neurogenik

Gejala

Dilansir Mayo Clinic, gejala diabetes insipidus antara lain:

  • Mudah sekali merasa haus
  • Urin yang keluar berwarna pucat
  • Keinginan untuk buang air kecil terutama di malam hari
  • Cenderung lebih suka minum air dingin

Pada anak-anak atau remaja, gejala yang muncul antara lain:

  • Popok selalu penuh
  • Sering mengompol
  • Kesulitan tidur
  • Demam
  • Muntah
  • Sembelit
  • Pertumbuhan yang terhambat
  • Penurunan berat badan

Penyebab

Penyebab utama diabetes insipidus adalah ketidakseimbangan cairan di dalam tubuh, namun selain itu, beberapa faktor berikut juga menjadi penyebabnya:

  • Diabetes insipidus sentral

Kerusakan pada kelenjar pituitari atau hipotalamus akibat pembedahan, tumor, cedera kepala atau penyakit yang dapat menyebabkan diabetes insipidus sentral

  • Diabetes insipidus nefrogenik

Diabetes insipidus nefrogenik terjadi ketika ada kecacatan pada struktur di ginjal yang membuat ginjal tidak dapat merespon hormon anti-diuretik (ADH) dengan baik

  • Diabetes insipidus gestasional

Diabetes insipirus gestasional termasuk salah satu tipe yang jarang terjadi. Umumnya bisa terjadi apabila pada masa kehamilan enzim yang dibuat oleh plasenta menghancurkan ADH ibu

  • Diabetes polidipsia primer

Diabetes polidipsia primer atau dikenal juga dengan diabetes insipidus dipsogenik adalah kondisi yang dapat menyebabkan produksi urin menjadi encer karena jumlah cairan yang diminum berlebihan.

Tipe diabetes ini bisa terjadi akibat kerusakan mekanisme pengatur rasa haus di hipotalamus. Terkadang kondisi juga dikaitkan dengan penyakit mental seperti skizofrenia.

Komplikasi

Diabetes insipidus dapat menyebabkan beberapa komplikasi sebagai berikut:

  • Dehidrasi, yang dapat menyebabkan
  • Mulut kering
  • Perubahan elastisitas kulit
  • Rasa haus
  • Kelelahan

Ketidakseimbangan elektrolit, yang ditandai dengan gejala:

  • Tubuh terasa lemah
  • Mual
  • Muntah
  • Kehilangan napsu makan
  • Kram perut
  • Kebingungan

Diagnosa

Untuk mengetahui kondisi diabetes insipidus, ada beberapa tes yang biasanya dilakukan:

  • Tes kekurangan air
  • MRI
  • Screening genetika

Pengobatan

Dilansir Mayo Clinic, pengobatan diabetes insipidus umumnya dilakukan sesuai gejala dan penyebabnya, antara lain:

  • Diabetes insipidus central

Jika Anda memiliki kondisi diabetes ringan, maka Anda mungkin hanya perlu menambah asupan air. Jika kondisi tersebut disebabkan kelainan pada kelenjar pituitari atau hipotalamus, maka dokter akan menangani kelainan tersebut lebih dahulu.

Dokter juga umumnya akan memberikan pengobatan berupa terapi hormon sintetis yang disebut desmopresin (DDVAP, Nocdurna). Obat tersebut menggantikan hormon anti-diuretik (ADH) yang hilang dan mengurangi buang air kecil.

  • Diabetes insipidus nefrogenik

Karena ginjal tidak merespon ADH dengan baik dalam bentuk diabetes insipidus ini, desmopresin mungkin tidak dapat membantu. Sebagai gantinya, dokter akan meresepkan diet rendah garam untuk mengurangi jumlah urin yang dihasilkan ginjal.

  • Diabetes insipidus gestasional

Pengobatan diabetes insipidus gestasional adalah hormon sintetik desmopressin.

  • Diabetes polidipsia primer

Tidak ada pengobatan khusus untuk bentuk diabetes insipidus ini selain mengurangi asupan cairan. Jika kondisinya berkaitan dengan penyakit mental, maka terapi untuk penyakit mental tersebut dapat membantu meringankan gejala diabetes insipidus.

Apabila Anda sering merasa kehausan yang parah, dengan produksi urin yang pucat, maka sebaiknya lakukan pemeriksaan medis dan konsultasikan kondisi ke dokter.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Senin, 17 April 2023 | 01:33

Adam Felman. What's to know about diabetes insipidus?. Medical News Today. January 2018. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/183251

Diabetes insipidus. Mayo Clinic. April 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diabetes-insipidus/symptoms-causes/syc-20351269

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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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