Penyebab Pankreatitis dan Cara Pengobatannya

Penyebab Pankreatitis dan Cara Pengobatannya
Ilustrasi pankreatitis. Credit: Freepik

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Dalam sistem pencernaan manusia, organ pankreas berperan menghasilkan enzim untuk menghancurkan dan mencerna makanan. Organ ini dapat mengalami peradangan yang disebut pankreatitis. Umumnya kondisi ini bersifat akut, namun juga dapat berkembang menjadi penyakit kronis.

 

Apa Itu Pankreatitis?

Pankreas adalah organ yang berada di belakang lambung dan di dekat usus halus. Organ ini memiliki dua fungsi utama yaitu menghasilkan enzim pencernaan lalu menyalurkannya ke usus untuk mencerna makanan dan menghasilkan hormon insulin kemudian mengirimnya ke aliran darah untuk mengatur kadar gula darah.

Organ pankreas bisa mengalami peradangan (pankreatitis) yang bersifat akut atau kronis. Pankreatitis akut bersifat sementara dan setelahnya pankreas dapat berfungis kembali. Namun pankreatitis akut yang terjadi berulang kali dapat menyebabkan terjadinya pankreatitis kronis. Pankreatitis kronis dapat berisiko menyebabkan organ ini rusak dan berhenti menghasilkan enzim pencernaan dan insulin.

Baca Juga: Kanker Pankreas dan Gejala yang Perlu Diwaspadai

 

Penyebab Pankreatitis

Penyebab paling umum dari pankreatitis antara lain:

Batu empedu

Dalam kantong empedu bisa terbentuk batu empedu yang berasal dari endapan lemak. Ketika batu empedu memasuki saluran empedu dan tersangkut di saluran empedu, batu empedu dapat menghalangi keluarnya enzim pencernaan. Enzim pankreas yang tersumbat dari saluran pankreas dapat merusak pankreas sehiingga menyebabkan peradangan.

Penggunaan alkohol

Penggunaan alkohol dalam jumlah besar merupakan penyebab umum pankreatitis meskipun para ilmuwan belum mengetahui penyebabnya dengan pasti. Para ilmuwan menduga zat beracun dari alkohol menyebabkan respons peradangan pada pankreas.

Selain penyebab di atas, penyebab pankreatitis yang kurang umum meliputi:

  • Infeksi virus
  • Penyakit autoimun
  • Komplikasi fibrosis kistik
  • Tingginya kadar kalsium dalam darah
  • Tingginya kadar trgliserida dalam darah 
  • Berkurangnya suplai darah
  • Kanker
  • Cedera traumatis pada pankreas
  • Obat-obatan tertentu yang mengiritasi pankreas
  • Kebiasaan merokok

 

Gejala Pankreatitis

Gejala pankreatitis bisa bervariasi pada setiap orang. Beberapa gejala yang dapat muncul antara lain:

  • Sakit perut parah yang terasa hingga punggung atau dada, terutama setelah makan 
  • Mual
  • Muntah
  • Detak jantung cepat
  • Demam
  • Bengkak dan terasa sakit atau nyeri di perut bagian atas
  • Penumpukan cairan di perut
  • Menurunnya tekanan darah
  • Penyakit kuning

Nyeri pada pankreatitis akut umumnya lebih parah dan menjalar ke punggung. Perut juga akan terasa lembut saat disentuh. Sedangkan pada pankreatitis kronis, rasa nyeri perut umumnya datang dan pergi dan biasanya tidak hilang sepenuhnya. Bagi sebagian orang, rasa sakitnya terus-menerus.

Baca Juga: Tiga Penyebab Utama Penyakit Batu Empedu

 

Pengobatan Pankreatitis

Pengidap pankreatitis akut umumnya memerlukan rawat inap di rumah sakit. Beberapa perawatan pankreatitis antara lain:

  • Pemberian obat pereda nyeri
  • Pemberian cairan intravena
  • Pemberian antibiotik untuk mengatasi infeksi pankreas
  • Diet rendah lemak atau puasa

Jika pankreatitis Anda disebabkan oleh batu empedu, dokter akan merekomendasikan pengangkatan batu empedu. Metode ini dapat dilakukan dengan endoskopi atau operasi. Jika kondisi cukup parah, dokter dapat menyarankan untuk pengangkatan kandung empedu. 

Pada pankreatitis kronis, dokter dapat merekomendasikan perubahan gaya hidup untuk menjaga kondisi berkembang menjadi semakin parah. Jika kerusakan pankreas cukup parah, dokter dapat merekomendasikan suplemen enzim dan suntikan insulin untuk menggantikan fungsi pankreas.  

Apabila pankreas mengalami peradangan parah, dokter dapat merekomendasikan pembedahan untuk mengangkat bagian pankreas tersebut. Jika kerusakan pankreas cukup parah, dokter dapat menyarankan pengangkatan seluruh pankreas untuk mencegah infeksi semakin meluas.

 

Pankreatitis merupakan peradangan yang terjadi pada organ pankreas. Biasanya penyakit ini disebabkan oleh batu empedu, penggunaan alkohol berlebih atau penyebab lainnya. Gejala awal pankreatitis terkadang mirip dengan penyakit lainnya. Jika Anda mengalami gejala pankreatitis, sebaiknya periksakan ke dokter. Anda juga bisa memanfaatkan fitur konsultasi yang tersedia pada aplikasi Ai Care. 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Senin, 24 Juni 2024 | 08:19

John Hopkins Medicine. Pancreatitis. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/pancreatitis#

Mayo Clinic. Pancreatitis. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pancreatitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20360227

Cleveland Clinic. Pancreatitis. Avalable from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/8103-pancreatitis

WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2023). Pancreatitis. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/digestive-disorders/digestive-diseases-pancreatitis

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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