Bisa Menular, Kenali Cara Pencegahan Meningitis

Bisa Menular, Kenali Cara Pencegahan Meningitis
Credit: Freepik. Meningitis yang disebabkan oleh virus dan bakteri dapat menular melalui aktivitas sehari-hari.

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Meningitis adalah peradangan pada lapisan pelindung otak (meninges) yang mengelilingi otak dan sumsum tulang belakang. Sering kali meningitis sulit dikenali karena memiliki gejala yang sama dengan flu.

Infeksi meningitis bisa bersifat ringan maupun serius hingga menyebabkan kematian. Karenanya, penting untuk mengetahui cara-cara penularan dan pencegahan meningitis.

 

Bagaimana Meningitis Menular?

Penyakit meningitis dapat dialami siapa saja, baik dari kelompok usia bayi, anak-anak hingga dewasa. Usia anak-anak umumnya paling berisiko terinfeksi meningitis. Untuk mengetahui apakah meningitis menular atau tidak, perlu dilihat dari penyebabnya.

Dilansir dari Healthline, berikut ini penyebab meningitis dan cara penularannya:

Fungal meningitis

Fungal meningitis adalah meningitis yang disebabkan oleh jamur Cryptococcus. Meningitis ini sangat jarang terjadi dan umumnya menyerang orang-orang dengan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah. Di antara jenis meningitis lainnya, peradangan ini bersifat tidak menular.

Baca Juga: Rentan Menyerang Bayi, Kenali Gejala Meningitis pada Bayi

 

Viral meningitis

Viral meningitis adalah salah satu meningitis yang paling umum. Peradangan ini disebabkan oleh virus yang termasuk dalam kelompok enterovirus.

Virus ini dapat menyebar melalui kontak langsung dengan air liur, cairan hidung, mukus, atau tinja yang terinfeksi. Seseorang dapat tertular meningitis melalui batuk, bersin, berciuman atau berbagi peralatan makan dengan seseorang yang terinfeksi.

Selain disebabkan oleh enterovirus, meningitis juga dapat disebabkan oleh arbovirus yang menyebar mealui gigitan nyamuk dan kutu.

 

Parasitic meningitis

Meningitis juga dapat disebabkan oleh parasit, meskipun kasus ini jarang terjadi. Parasit penyebab meningitis adalah ameba Naegleria fowleri yang masuk ke tubuh melalui hidung akibat berenang di sungai atau danau yang terkontaminasi.

Infeksi amuba ini umumnya tidak menular namun dapat menyebabkan infeksi berat yang membutuhkan perawatan serius.

Baca Juga: Ameba Pemakan Otak Manusia, Begini Caranya Masuk ke Dalam Tubuh

 

Bacterial meningitis

Meningitis yang disebabkan oleh bakteri merupakan penyakit serius yang dapat menyebabkan kematian. Infeksi meningitis ini paling sering disebabkan oleh bakteri Neisseria meningitidis, E. coli, atau Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Penularan meningitis yang disebabkan oleh bakteri tergantung dari jenis bakteri yang menginfeksi. Penularan bakteri ini dapat terjadi melalui:

  • Air liur
  • Mukus
  • Berciuman
  • Berbagi peralatan makan
  • Batuk
  • Bersin
  • Makanan yang terkontaminasi
  • Proses persalinan

 

Cara Pencegahan Meningitis

Bakteri dan virus penyebab meningitis dapat menular melalui aktivitas sehari-hari. Penularan ini dapat dicegah dengan menerapkan gaya hidup bersih seperti berikut:

Rajin mencuci tangan. Mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air mengalir membantu mencegah penularan bakteri dan virus. Biasakan mencuci tangan setiap kali tangan kotor, sesudah buang air, setelah bersin atau batuk, sebelum memegang makanan dan setelah makan, serta sebelum menyusui.

Hindari berbagi perlengkapan pribadi. Untuk mencegah meningitis, hindari berbagi makanan, minuman, sedotan, menggunakan alat makan bersama dan sikat gigi dengan orang lain. Ajarkan hal ini sejak usia anak-anak untuk mencegah meningitis dan penyakit lainnya.

Tutup mulut saat bersin dan batuk. Anda dapat menutup mulut dengan tangan atau siku ketika bersin dan batuk. Setelah batuk atau bersin, cuci tangan Anda dengan sabun dan air yang mengalir.

Hindari mengonsumsi makanan mentah. Biasakan untuk mengonsumsi makanan dan minuman yang telah dimasak dengan matang. Terutama bagi ibu hamil, hindari mengonsumsi keju yang terbuat dari susu yang tidak dipasteurisasi.

Vaksinasi meningitis. Vaksin meningitis dapat membantu mencegah keparahan yang terjadi saat terinfeksi. Anda dapat melakukan vaksinasi meningitis terutama jika akan bepergian ke negara endemik meningitis. Vaksinasi meningitis juga dapat diberikan sejak usia anak-anak hingga dewasa.

 

Meningitis yang disebabkan oleh virus dan bakteri dapat menular melalui aktivitas sehari-hari. Lakukan langkah pencegahan untuk menghindari infeksi meningitis. Apabila Anda mengalami gejala meningitis sebaiknya segera periksakan ke dokter. 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Senin, 17 Juli 2023 | 05:15
Tags : meningitis infeksi otak infeksi selaput otak

CDC. Causes and How It Spreads. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/meningococcal/about/causes-transmission.html#

NHS. Meningitis. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/meningitis/causes/

Meningitis. How Does Meningitis Spread?. Available from: https://www.meningitis.org/blogs/how-does-meningitis-spread

WebMD Editorial Contributors. (2020). Meningitis. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/children/understanding-meningitis-basics

Pietrangelo, A. (2018). How Contagious Is Meningitis?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/how-contagious-meningitis

 

Veazey, K. (2021). Is Meningitis Contagious?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-meningitis-contagious#bacterial

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