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  • Mengenal Vitiligo, Kelainan Kulit Akibat Gangguan Sistem Kekebalan Tubuh

Mengenal Vitiligo, Kelainan Kulit Akibat Gangguan Sistem Kekebalan Tubuh

Mengenal Vitiligo, Kelainan Kulit Akibat Gangguan Sistem Kekebalan Tubuh

Bagikan :


Vitiligo adalah kelainan kulit yang dapat menyebabkan kulit kehilangan warna, sehingga muncul area putih halus seperti bercak besar pada kulit. Vitiligo dapat terjadi ketika melanosit (sel penghasil melanin/pigmen warna kulit) dihancurkan oleh sistem kekebalan tubuh sendiri.

Dilansir Cleveland Clinic, vitiligo umumnya berawal dari bercak putih kecil yang muncul di tubuh, yang kemudian melebar ke bagian tubuh lain hanya dalam hitungan bulan. Vitiligo berawal di tangan, lengan, kaki, wajah, dan dapat ditemukan juga di area tubuh lainnya termasuk membran mukosa (garis mulut, hidung, area organ intim atau rektum), mata, dan telinga bagian dalam.

Ada kalanya bercak putih tersebut akan semakin lebar dan menyebar, dan tidak berpindah tempat.

Ada beberapa tipe vitiligo seperti dilansir Cleveland Clinic:

  • Vitiligo umum - adalah vitiligo yang paling umum dialami, dan bercak putih muncul di berbagai area tubuh
  • Vitiligo segmental - adalah vitiligo yang terbatas pada satu sisi tubuh atau satu area tubuh saja misalnya seperti tangan atau wajah
  • Vitiligo mukosa - adalah vitiligo yang mempengaruhi selaput lendir mulut atau area genital
  • Vitiligo fokal - adalah jenis vitiligo langka di mana bercak putih berada di area kecil dan tidak meyebar dalam pola tertentu dalam satu hingga dua tahun
  • Vitiligo trikoma - adalah jenis vitiligo yang bagian tengahnya berwarna putih, kemudian bagian luar dikelilingi area kulit yang lebih terang, dan area kulit yang berwarna normal
  • Vitiligo universal - adalah jenis vitiligo yang langka, di mana 80% kulit tubuh kekurangan pigmen

Penyebab vitiligo

Tidak diketahui pasti apa penyebab seseorang bisa mengalami vitiligo, namun seperti dilansir Cleveland Clinic, para ilmuwan mengemukakan teori penyebab vitiligo antara lain:

  • Gangguan autoimun

Di mana sistem kekebalan di dalam tubuh justru mengembangkan antibodi untuk menghancurkan melanosit

  • Faktor genetik

Dikabarkan bahwa sekitar 30% kasus vitiligo dapat terjadi di dalam keluarga, di mana faktor genetik menentukan tingkat kemungkinan vitiligo diturunkan

  • Faktor neurogenik

Suatu zat beracun yang dilepaskan pada ujung saraf kulit yang dapat meracuni melanosit

  • Penghancuran diri

Kecacatan pada melanosit dapat menyebabkan mereka menghancurkan diri mereka sendiri

Vitiligo memiliki tanda-tanda sebagai berikut seperti dilansir Mayo Clinic:

  • Adanya bagian kulit yang kehilangan warna, yang muncul seperti bercak putih. Umumnya muncul pertama kali di tangan, wajah, dan area tubuh terbuka lain serta organ genital
  • Rambut, bulu mata, alis dan cambang yang memutih prematur sebelum usia lanjut
  • Kehilangan warna di jaringan garis bibir mulut dan hidung

Umumnya vitiligo muncul di awal usia 30 tahun, yang disebabkan oleh adanya kondisi autoimun, faktor genetik, atau stres, luka bakar akibat paparan sinar matahari, trauma kulit atau terpapar zat kimia tertentu. Ketika seseorang mengalami vitiligo, maka ada risiko seseorang tesebut juga mengalami beberapa hal berikut:

  • Stress sosial dan psikologi
  • Luka bakar sinar matahari
  • Gangguan kesehatan mata
  • Kehilangan pendengaran

Pengobatan dan terapi

Tidak ada obat yang dapat menghentikan proses vitiligo. Namun, terapi disertai obat dapat membantu mengembalikan sebagian warna kulit.

Dilansir Mayo Clinic, dokter dapat memberikan obat untuk mengontrol peradangan dan yang memengaruhi sistem kekebalan tubuh seperti tacrolimus, pimecrolimus khususnya pada mereka yang mengalami vitiligo di area kecil seperti wajah atau leher. Selain itu, dokter juga akan memberikan fototerapi untuk menghentikan atau mengurangi vitiligo aktif.

Apabila pengobatan ringan tidak banyak membantu, beberapa orang disarankan mendapatkan pembedahan lewat beberapa prosedur seperti:

  • Skin grafting - mengambil sebagian kecil pigmen dari bagian kulit lain dan menempelkan ke area yang kehilangan pigmen
  • Blister grafting - pada prosedur ini dokter akan membuat sebuah lepuhan dan melakukan transplantasi
  • Cellular suspension transplant - prosedur di mana dokter akan mengambil jaringan kulit yang berpigmen dan melakukan transplantasi pada area yang kehilangan pigmen

Lakukan konsultasi terlebih dahulu untuk menentukan pengobatan dan terapi mana yang cocok untuk Anda.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 03:33

Vitiligo. Cleveland Clinic. January 2020. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12419-vitiligo

 

Vitiligo. Mayo Clinic. April 2020. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/vitiligo/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355916

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new830μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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        #12025-04-12 06:46:49GET/penyakit/mengenal-vitiligo-kelainan-kulit-akibat-gangguan-sistem-kekebalan-tubuh1102431