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Mengenal Hemofilia, Kondisi yang Menyebabkan Darah Sulit Membeku

Mengenal Hemofilia, Kondisi yang Menyebabkan Darah Sulit Membeku
Credit: Freepik.

Bagikan :


Hemofilia adalah penyakit gangguan pembekuan darah yang menyebabkan darah sulit membeku. Akibatnya, jika pengidap hemofilia mengalami luka, maka perdarahan akan berlangsung lebih lama. Kondisi ini merupakan penyakit keturunan dan umumnya dialami oleh pria.

 

Apa itu Hemofilia?

Hemofilia adalah gangguan pada sistem pembekuan darah. Normalnya, ketika seseorang mengalami luka atau perdarahan maka proses pembekuan darah akan mengubah cairan darah menjadi padat di area luka sehingga perdarahan cepat berhenti.

Proses pembekuan darah melibatkan beberapa jenis protein yang disebut dengan faktor pembekuan darah atau faktor koagulasi. Pada orang yang mengalami hemofilia, darah tidak mudah membeku secara normal karena kekurangan protein untuk pembekuan darah. Tingkat keparahan hemofilia dapat ditentukan dari jumlah protein atau faktor koagulasi dalam darah. Semakin sedikit jumlah faktor koagulasi, maka semakin besar terjadinya perdarahan dan orang akan lebih lama sembuh dari luka atau perdarahan.

Bagi penderita hemofilia, luka ringan umumnya tidak menyebabkan masalah serius. Namun ketika mengalami perdarahan internal di bagian lutut, siku dan pergelangan maka hal ini dapat merusak organ sehingga dapat menyebabkan kondisi kritis.

 

Baca juga tentang Perdarahan Internal di sini.

 

Penyebab Hemofilia

Hemofilia umumnya disebabkan oleh faktor genetik, yaitu adanya mutasi genetik pada hemofilia sehingga menyebabkan darah kekurangan protein pembentuk faktor koagulasi dalam darah. Namun, ada juga hemofilia yang tidak disebabkan oleh riwayat keturunan atau genetik. Berikut ini beberapa penyebab hemofilia berdasarkan jenisnya:

1. Hemofilia kongenital

Hemofilia kongenital merupakan hemofilia yang disebabkan oleh kelainan atau bawaan lahir. Kondisi ini dapat dibagi berdasarkan rendahnya jenis faktor koagulasi, yaitu:

  • Hemofilia tipe A, merupakan tipe hemofilia yang paling umum dimana seseorang memiliki protein faktor 8 yang merupakan salah satu faktor pembekuan darah dalam jumlah sedikit. Semakin sedikit faktor 8 yang dimiliki maka gejala yang muncul akan semakin serius.
  • Hemofilia tipe B, merupakan hemofilia akibat kekurangan protein faktor 9. Penyakit ini juga dikenal dengan istilah Christmas disease, dan dapat disebabkan oleh faktor keturunan maupun didapatkan (acquired).
  • Hemofilia tipe C, merupakan hemofilia akibat kekurangan faktor 11. Pada hemofilia tipe C, aliran darah sangat ringan sehingga sulit diketahui. Dibandingkan kedua tipe hemofilia lainnya, hemofilia tipe C merupakan kondisi yang sangat jarang terjadi.

 

2. Hemofilia Didapat (Acquired Hemophilia)

Beberapa orang mengalami hemofilia bukan karena riwayat genetik namun karena beberapa kondisi tertentu. Hemofilia jenis ini dikenal dengan istilah hemofilia didapat (acquired hemophilia). Hemofilia didapat adalah salah satu jenis hemofilia yang disebabkan oleh sistem kekebalan tubuh menyerang faktor 8 dan faktor 9 dalam darah. Kondisi ini dapat dikaitkan dengan autoimun, kehamilan, kanker, multiple sclerosis hingga reaksi obat.

 

Gejala Hemofilia

Gejala hemofilia dapat bervariasi, tergantung dari tingkat faktor koagulasi yang dimiliki. Pada orang yang memiliki faktor koagulasi rendah, seseorang dapat mengalami pendarahan ketika cedera atau setelah operasi. Namun jika kekurangan faktor koagulasi cukup parah, maka seseorang dapat mengalami perdarahan tanpa sebab yang jelas. Beberapa gejala hemofilia yang muncul antara lain:

  • Mengalami memar berukuran besar
  • Mengalami perdarahan berlebihan tanpa sebab setelah terluka atau cedera
  • Mengalami perdarahan setelah mendapatkan vaksinasi
  • Mimisan tanpa sebab
  • Keluarnya darah di urine atau tinja
  • Nyeri dan bengkak di persendian

Jika Anda mengalami perdarahan yang berlangsung lama dan sulit terkontrol atau mengalami tanda-tanda perdarahan internal seperti sulut bernapas, kehilangan kesadaran dan kewaspadaan maka sebaiknya segera periksakan ke Instalasi Gawat Darurat terdekat.

Pengidap hemofilia harus menyadari risiko yang dihadapi ketika beraktivitas sehari-hari. Untuk itu sebaiknya pengidap hemofilia menghindari kegiatan yang bersifat menimbulkan cedera dan berhati-hati jika minum obat yang dapat memengaruhi proses pembekuan darah. Selain itu, selalu jaga kebersihan diri, kesehatan gigi dan mulut serta lakukan pemeiksaan rutin ke dokter untuk memantau kondisi hemofilia dan kadar koagulasi yang dimiliki.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 10:48

WebMD. Hemophilia. (2020). Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-hemophilia-basics

Understanding Hemophilia -- Diagnosis and Treatment. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/understanding-hemophilia-treatment

Mayo Clinic. Hemophilia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hemophilia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373327

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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 6158
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5559 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5559
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.24msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7552 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7552
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.07msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8291 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8291
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.95msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8341 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8341
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\User
    2User.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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