Mengapa Orang Bisa Terkena Limfoma?

Mengapa Orang Bisa Terkena Limfoma?

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Limfoma adalah kanker yang menyerang sistem limfatik, yang merupakan bagian dari jaringan tubuh untuk melawan kuman. Sistem limfatik di dalam tubuh manusia terdiri dari kelenjar getah bening, limpa, kelenjar timus dan sumsum tulang. Kanker limfoma dapat menyerang semua area tersebut dan juga organ lain di dalam tubuh.

Gejala kanker limfoma

Dilansir Mayo Clinic, berikut adalah gejala kanker limfoma:

  • Rasa sakit yang diakibatkan pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening di leher, ketiak dan selangkangan.
  • Kelelahan terus-menerus.
  • Demam.
  • Keringat dingin di malam hari.
  • Sesak napas.
  • Kehilangan berat badan tanpa penyebab yang jelas.
  • Gatal-gatal pada kulit.

Penyebab kanker limfoma

Limfoma adalah jenis kanker yang berkembang ketika sel darah putih (limfosit) tumbuh di luar kendali. Hal ini disebabkan DNA di dalam limfosit berubah sedemikian rupa sehingga memberikan informasi untuk berhenti merespon sinyal yang biasa mengendalikannya.

Dilansir Lymphoma-action.org, mutasi DNA dapat terjadi sepanjang waktu dan dapat mempengaruhi gen kritis. Ketika hal ini terjadi, maka dapat menyebabkan kanker seperti limfoma.

Satu perubahan DNA saja biasanya tidak cukup menyebabkan limfoma, namun bila mutasi tersebut disebabkan beberapa DNA berbeda, maka kanker bisa tumbuh. Dalam sebagian besar kasus, tidak diketahui pasti apa yang menyebabkan perubahan pada DNA karena umumnya temuan kasus sering terjadi secara kebetulan. Namun, pada beberapa kasus lain, ilmuwan menemukan faktor risiko yang dapat menyebabkan kanker limfoma, seperti :

  • Infeksi Helicobacter pylori

Sebagian besar kasus limfoma MALT lambung disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri umum seperti Helicobacter pylori. Bakteri ini biasanya menyebabkan sakit maag dan gangguan pencernaan lainnya.

Infeksi ini bisa diobati, dan tidak semua yang terinfeksi bakteri Helicobacter pylori juga mengalami limfoma. Namun hampir semua yang mengalami limfoma MALT lambung memiliki infeksi Helicobacter pylori.

Mengobati infeksi akibat bakteri Helicobacter pylori umumnya juga dapat menyembuhkan limfoma, sehingga Helicobacter pylori bisa dibilang penyebab limfoma dan bukan hanya faktor risiko saja.

  • Implan payudara

Limfoma sel besar anaplastik (BIA-ALCL) disebabkan oleh implan payudara. Meskipun limfoma berkembang di payudara, BIA-ALCL adalah jenis limfoma, bukan jenis kanker payudara.

Kondisi tersebut umumnya terjadi pada perempuan yang memiliki implan dengan lapisan bertekstur daripada lapisan halus. Implan bertekstur memiliki lapisan luar yang kasar dan dapat melekat pada jaringan payudara. Para ilmuwan menduga hal tersebut disebabkan oleh reaksi peradangan pada implan dan umumnya berkembang 8-10 tahun setelah implan tetapi dapat berkembang lebih cepat atau lebih lambat.

Sebagian besar orang yang melakukan implan payudara tidak mengalami BIA-ALCL, namun setiap orang yang mengalami BIA-ALCL melakukan implan payudara. Dalam sebagian kasus, melepaskan implan payudara dapat menyembuhkan limfoma.

Selain penyebab di atas, limfoma juga bisa disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, seperti dilansir WebMD berikut ini:

  • Berusia di atas 60 tahun, mengalami limfoma non-Hodgkin.
  • Berusia di antara 15-40 tahun atau lebih dari 55 tahun, mengalami limfoma Hodgkin.
  • Berjenis kelamin pria.
  • Memiliki sistem kekebalan tubuh yang lemah akibat HIV/AIDS, transplantasi organ atau memiliki kelainan sistem kekebalan tubuh bawaan.
  • Memiliki penyakit sistem kekebalan tubuh seperti rheumatoid arthritis, sindrom Sjogren, atau lupus. 
  • Terinfeksi virus Epstein-Barr, hepatitis C, atau human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (HTLV-1).
  • Memiliki riwayat keluarga yang mengidap limfoma.
  • Terpapar zat kimia pembasmi serangga.
  • Pernah mengalami limfoma Hodgkin atau non Hodgkin.
  • Sedang menjalani terapi kanker.

Untuk mengobati limfoma, dokter akan melakukan serangkaian tes sehingga bisa memberikan pengobatan sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi tubuh Anda. Selain kemoterapi, terapi radiasi, dan pengobatan oral (obat minum), dokter mungkin akan menyarankan transplantasi sumsum tulang.

Apabila Anda memiliki gejala di atas dan Anda merasa ragu akan penyebabnya, lakukan pemeriksaan dan konsultasi dengan dokter, sehingga bisa mendapatkan pengobatan yang tepat dan sesuai.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 05:10

Lymphoma-action.org (2021). Causes and risk factors for lymphoma. Available from: https://lymphoma-action.org.uk/about-lymphoma-what-lymphoma/causes-and-risk-factors-lymphoma

Mayo Clinic (2021). Lymphoma. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lymphoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20352638

Carmelita Swiner, MD (2020). What Is Lymphoma?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/lymphoma/lymphoma-cancer

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      Bindings
      • 0: 6492
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9117 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9117
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4476 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4476
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.95msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10029 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 10029
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.43msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9796 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9796
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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