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Jenis-Jenis Gangguan Sperma yang Menurunkan Peluang Kehamilan

Jenis-Jenis Gangguan Sperma yang Menurunkan Peluang Kehamilan
Credits: Freepik

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Tertundanya kehamilan sebagian besar disebabkan oleh adanya masalah infertilitas, baik pada pria maupun pada wanita. Beberapa kasus infertilitas pada pria disebabkan oleh gangguan sperma, seperti rendahnya kualitas sperma, penyumbatan saluran untuk mengirimkan sperma atau sperma yang tidak normal. Akibat dari gangguan pada sperma inilah peluang untuk bisa hamil pun menjadi rendah.

 

Kualitas Sperma dan Kehamilan

Kualitas dan kuantitas sperma secara langsung memengaruhi keberhasilan pembuahan. Bila kualitas sperma buruk atau jumlahnya sedikit, maka kehamilan tidak akan terjadi.

Agar kehamilan bisa terjadi, sperma harus memenuhi kualifikasi tertentu, di antaranya:

  • Sperma yang dihasilkan harus sehat
  • Sperma harus berhasil keluar dari testis (buah zakar) dan bercampur dengan air mani yang akan dikeluarkan saat ejakulasi
  • Jumlah sperma pada air mani haruslah cukup, di atas 15 juga sperma per ml air mani
  • Sperma harus berfungsi dengan baik dan bergerak normal

 

Gangguan Sperma yang Memengaruhi Kehamilan

Beberapa kondisi seperti infeksi, peradangan, gangguan kelenjar pituitari, gangguan kekebalan tubuh, faktor lingkungan dan gaya hidup serta penyakit genetik dapat memengaruhi kualitas sperma dan menyebabkan sperma kurang matang, berbentuk tidak normal, atau memiliki pergerakan yang terlalu lambat. Berikut adalah jenis-jenis gangguan sperma yang memengaruhi kehamilan, di antaranya:

  • Sperma belum matang

Sperma yang belum matang bersifat immobile, artinya tidak dapat berenang melalui tuba fallopi (oviduk) untuk mencapai sel telur dan tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk memecahkan dinding sel telur untuk membuahinya. Akibatnya pembuahan gagal terjadi, dan sel telur akan luruh pada periode menstruasi.

  • Bentuk sperma abnormal

Ukuran dan bentuk sperma adalah salah satu yang diperiksa untuk mengevaluasi infertilitas pada pria. Sperma normal memiliki kepala berbentuk oval dengan ekor yang panjang, sedangkan sperma abnormal memiliki cacat kepala atau ekor, misalnya kepala lebih besar atau cacat, ekor bengkok atau berjumlah ganda. Kecacatan pada bentuk sperma memengaruhi sperma untuk mencapai dan menembus sel telur.

  • Sperma bergerak lambat

Motilitas sperma adalah kemampuan sperma bergerak secara efisien, di mana hal ini penting untuk mencapai dan membuahi sel telur. Pergerakan sperma yang buruk memengaruhi keberhasilan pembuahan, karena bila sperma bergerak terlalu lambat maka pertemuan dengan sel telur tidak akan terjadi.

Pergerakan sperma yang lambat ini umumnya disebabkan oleh adanya kerusakan testis (buah zakar), seperti infeksi, kanker testis, cacat bawaan, testis tidak turun atau cedera.

  • Sperma terlalu sedikit

Untuk meningkatkan peluang kehamilan, selain jumlah sel telur yang cukup juga dibutuhkan jumlah sperma yang cukup. Sperma yang terlalu sedikit disebut oligospermia, di mana jumlah sperma di bawah 15 juta per ml air mani.

Oligospermia ditandai dengan penurunan gairah seksual, disfungsi ereksi (impotensi), nyeri atau pembengkakan pada testis, dan menurunnya jumlah rambut di wajah atau bagian tubuh lainnya.

  • Azoospermia

Azoospermia adalah kondisi di mana di dalam air mani tidak ditemukan sperma. Kondisi ini umum terjadi akibat adanya cedera, infeksi, peradangan, riwayat pembedahan di area panggul, adanya kista, vasektomi, dan juga fibrosis kistik.

Ketidakhadiran sperma dalam air mani dapat diobati, selama diketahui penyebabnya. Anda mungkin harus mendapatkan pembedahan untuk membuka saluran yang tersumbat, mendapatkan pengobatan hormonal, ataupun biopsi.

 

Jadi apabila tidak terjadi kehamilan setelah setahun berhubungan seksual tanpa pengaman, maka bukan hanya wanita saja yang perlu mendapatkan tes kesuburan, pria juga perlu menjalani serangkaian tes untuk mengetahui apakah ada gangguan sperma yang dialami. Sebagian besar gangguan sperma dapat diobati dan dirawat untuk meningkatkan kemungkinan kehamilan. Apabila pengobatan tidak cukup membantu, Anda bisa mendiskusikan lebih lanjut dengan dokter Anda agar mendapatkan solusi yang terbaik.

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 16:19

Official Foundation of the American Urological Association. What is Male Infertility?. Available from: https://www.urologyhealth.org/urology-a-z/m/male-infertility

Mayo Clinic (2021). Male infertility. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/symptoms-causes/syc-20374773

John Hopkins Medicine. Male Infertility. Available from: https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/male-infertility

Fertility Smarts (2020). Immature Sperm. Available from: https://www.fertilitysmarts.com/definition/335/immature-sperm

Sevann Helo, MD (2022). Abnormal sperm morphology: What does it mean?. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/male-infertility/expert-answers/sperm-morphology/faq-20057760

Amanda Barrell (2017). How does sperm motility affect fertility?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/320160

Mayo Clinic (2020). Low sperm count. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/low-sperm-count/symptoms-causes/syc-20374585

 

Cleveland Clinic (2020). Azoospermia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15441-azoospermia

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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