Gejala Virus Marburg dan Cara Penyebarannya

Gejala Virus Marburg dan Cara Penyebarannya
Credits: Freepik

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Penyakit virus Marburg yang dulunya dikenal dengan nama Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever atau demam berdarah Marburg, adalah infeksi virus langka yang bisa mengenai manusia dan hewan primata nonmanusia. Virus Marburg pertama kali dikenal pada tahun 1967. Penyakit ini dikhawatirkan dapat mengakibatkan wabah dengan angka kematian yang besar.

Ketahui lebih lanjut bagaimana gejala virus Marburg dan cara penyebarannya.

 

Apa Itu Virus Marburg?

Virus Marburg adalah virus zoonotik, yaitu virus yang menyebar dari hewan ke manusia dan menyebabkan penyakit pada manusia. Virus ini tergolong dalam genus Marburgvirus dengan famili Filoviridae, dengan virus ebola yang juga tergabung dalam famili yang sama. Virus Marburg pertama kali ditemukan di kota Marburg, Jerman pada tahun 1967 sehingga diberi nama virus Marburg. Walaupun jarang ditemukan, karena berasal dari famili yang sama, virus Marburg dan ebola mampu menyebabkan wabah dengan angka kematian yang cukup tinggi.

Menurut WHO, virus Marburg ditularkan ke manusia dari kelelawar buah atau hewan primata yang terinfeksi. Penularannya terjadi misalnya melalui konsumsi produk makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh kelelawar buah. Virus tersebut kemudian menyebar dari manusia ke manusia melalui kontak dengan darah atau cairan tubuh orang yang terinfeksi, khususnya pada tenaga kesehatan atau anggota keluarga satu rumah.

Baca Juga: Benarkah Setelah Terkena Demam Berdarah tidak Akan Terkena Lagi?

 

Gejala Virus Marburg

Masa inkubasi virus Marburg sekitar 2-21 hari, di mana kemudian gejala berikut mulai muncul:

  • Demam
  • Menggigil
  • Sakit kepala
  • Mialgia (tubuh terasa nyeri dan tidak enak badan)
  • Sakit tenggorokan
  • Terasa lemah
  • Nyeri otot

Pada hari kelima sampai ketujuh, bisa mulai muncul gejala seperti berikut:

  • Ruam kemerahan dengan bintik kecil di area dada, punggung atau perut
  • Mual muntah
  • Nyeri dada
  • Sakit perut
  • Diare ± darah

Gejala kemudian bisa menjadi makin parah, yang ditunjukkan dengan tanda-tanda berikut:

  • Penyakit kuning (jaundice)
  • Radang pankreas
  • Penurunan berat badan yang signifikan
  • Delirium atau perubahan kesadaran
  • Syok pada sirkulasi darah
  • Gagal hati
  • Perdarahan masif
  • Disfungsi banyak organ

Baca Juga: Ketahui Cara Menangani Demam Tanpa Obat

 

Cara Penyebaran Virus Marburg dari Manusia ke Manusia

Penyebaran virus Marburg lebih sering terjadi di dalam keluarga dan fasilitas kesehatan. Penyebaran virus Marburg dari manusia ke manusia terjadi melalui:

  • Kontak langsung dengan darah atau cairan tubuh dari orang yang terinfeksi virus Marburg (urine, keringat, air liur, tinja, muntahan, droplet, atau ASI). Virus dari cairan tubuh tersebut bisa masuk melalui kulit yang luka atau selaput lendir.
  • Terpapar dalam waktu lama di tambang atau gua yang dihuni kelelawar buah.
  • Berkontak dengan binatang atau cairan tubuh binatang yang terinfeksi.
  • Mengonsumsi makanan atau menyentuh pakaian dan alat makan yang terkontaminasi virus.

Penyebaran penyakit juga dapat terjadi pada orang yang merawat pasien dengan infeksi virus Marburg, petugas kesehatan yang terpapar dengan bahan biologis dari pasien, atau melalui kontak dengan jenazah pasien yang meninggal akibat infeksi virus Marburg.

Beberapa faktor dapat meningkatkan risiko penyebaran virus Marburg dari manusia ke manusia, termasuk kurangnya perlindungan terhadap kontak dengan bahan biologis dari pasien, kurangnya penggunaan alat pelindung diri oleh petugas kesehatan, dan praktik pemakaman yang tradisional yang melibatkan kontak langsung dengan jenazah pasien.

Virus Marburg dapat bertahan di mata dan testis orang yang telah sembuh. Pada ibu hamil, virus Marburg dapat bertahan di plasenta, cairan ketuban dan ASI. Virus ini juga dapat menyebar melalui benda yang terkontaminasi cairan tubuh seperti pakaian, tempat tidur dan perkakas. Sehingga selain membatasi kontak langsung dengan orang yang terinfeksi, juga perlu dilakukan pembatasan kontak langsung dengan benda yang pernah digunakan.

 

Hingga saat ini belum ada obat dan vaksin yang dapat menyembuhkan dan mencegah virus Marburg. Walaupun masih belum ada kasus infeksi virus Marburg yang dikonfirmasi di Indonesia serta negara sekitar, Anda tetap disarankan untuk menjaga pola hidup sehat. 

Jangan lupa untuk mencuci buah dan sayur dengan bersih sebelum dikonsumsi. Bila Anda berkunjung ke wilayah dengan wabah virus Marburg, hindari konsumsi daging yang tidak matang, serta buah dan makanan yang telah terpapar air liur kelelawar buah. Cuci tangan Anda secara rutin dan sebaiknya bila bisa dilakukan, tunda perjalanan ke area wabah sampai kasus telah terkendali.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 20:03

CDC (2021). Marburg (Marburg Virus Disease). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html.

Kemenkes RI (2023). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Penyakit Virus Marburg. Available from: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/penyakit-virus/frequently-asked-questions-faq-penyakit-virus-marburg.

Ali Syed, PharmD. Marburg Virus. Available from: https://www.osmosis.org/answers/marburg-virus.

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.82msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7917 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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