Kenali Gejala Difteri pada Anak dan Pencegahannya

Kenali Gejala Difteri pada Anak dan Pencegahannya
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Difteri adalah infeksi bakteri yang mudah menyebar dengan cepat. Anak yang terinfeksi difteri perlu segera ditangani karena dapat dengan mudah menular melalui percikan air liur. Infeksi bakteri yang tidak ditangani dengan tepat dapat menyebabkan komplikasi serius yang membahayakan nyawa.

 

Apa Itu Difteri?

Difteri adalah infeksi bakteri yang sangat menular akibat bakteri Corynebacterium diptheriae (C. diphtheriae). Infeksi bakteri ini dapat memengaruhi sistem pernapasan termasuk tenggorokan, hidung atau amandel dan kulit.

Penyakit ini dapat menyerang dewasa dan anak-anak. Namun anak-anak berusia di bawah 5 tahun dan dewasa di atas 60 tahun memiliki risiko tinggi untuk terkena penyakit difteri. Risiko terkena penyakit ini meningkat jika Anda tinggal di area yang kumuh, gizi tidak tercukupi dan tidak menjalani vaksinasi.

 

Baca Juga: Bukan Hanya Batuk, Kenali Gejala Bronkitis pada Dewasa dan Anak-Anak

 

Gejala Difteri pada Anak

Gejala difteri pada anak umumnya tidak segera muncul setelah anak terpapar. Gejala baru muncul sekitar 2-5 hari setelah anak terinfeksi. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh masa inkubasi bakteri yang berlangsung selama 1-10 hari.

Orang tua perlu waspada akan gejala difteri yang mungkin dialami anak-anak. Pasalnya setiap gejala difteri akan muncul berbeda tergantung area yang diserang. Namun secara umum, difteri yang menyerang saluran pernapasan ditandai dengan munculnya lapisan selaput tebal berwarna putih keabu-abuan yang dikenal dengan istilah pseudomembrane.

Selaput ini terbentuk akibat jaringan mati yang muncul akibat bakteri. Bakteri penyebab difteri akan membuat racun yang mematikan jaringan sehat pada sistem pernapasan. Dalam waktu singkat, jaringan ini akan menumpuk di tenggorokan atau hidung. Penumpukan inilah yang menyebabkan anak sulit bernapas dan menelan.

Pada difteri yang menyerang sistem pernapasan, gejala yang muncul, antara lain:

  • Demam
  • Sakit tenggorokan
  • Badan terasa lemah
  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening
  • Pembengkakan jaringan lunak di kedua sisi leher
  • Batuk kering
  • Kesulitan bernapas
  • Keluarnya cairan dari hidung, awalnya berwarna bening lalu lama kelamaan berwarna keruh seperti nanah

Sedangkan pada kasus difteri kulit, gejala yang muncul, antara lain:

  • Muncul ruam kemerahan dan berlendir
  • Luka terbuka
  • Bisul
  • Kulit bengkak
  • Pada ruam yang berlendir dapat sembuh selama 2-3 minggu lalu menimbulkan bekas luka

 

Baca Juga: Radang Amandel Pada Anak, Kapan Harus Diangkat?

 

Penanganan Difteri

Difteri merupakan penyakit serius yang dapat menyebabkan komplikasi berupa kerusakan saraf. Bakteri difteri mengeluarkan racun yang menyebabkan pembengkakan saraf kaki dan tangan. Pada kondisi parah, kerusakan saraf ini dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan.

Komplikasi difteri lainnya adalah kerusakan jantung akibat racun bakteri masuk ke jantung. Difteri juga dapat menyebabkan difteri hipertoksik yang memicu perdarahan dan gagal ginjal.

Anak yang mengalami infeksi difteri umumnya dirawat di rumah sakit untuk mendapatkan pengobatan berupa obat antibiotik dan antitoksin. Pasien difteri biasanya diisolasi di ruangan terpisah karena sangat mudah menular pada orang yang tidak melakukan vaksin difteri.

 

Pencegahan Difteri

Langkah efektif mencegah difteri adalah dengan melakukan vaksinasi. Ada empat vaksin yang dapat memberi perlindungan pada difteri, yaitu:

  • DTaP: vaksin untuk melindungi terhadap difteri, tetanus, dan pertusis
  • DT: vaksin untuk melindungi dari difteri dan tetanus
  • Tdap: vaksin untuk melindungi terhadap difteri, tetanus, dan pertusis
  • Td: vaksin untuk melindungi dari difteri dan tetanus

Vaksin untuk mencegah difteri dapat diberikan sejak anak berusia 2 bulan (vaksin DTP dan DTaP). Jika Anda ingin memberikan vaksin pencegah difteri pada anak sebaiknya konsultasikan terlebih dahulu ke dokter. 

 

Difteri adalah penyakit berbahaya yang dapat menyebabkan komplikasi mematikan. Gejala difteri umumnya mirip flu, yaitu demam, sulit bernapas dan sakit tenggorokan. Pencegahan difteri paling efektif adalah dengan memberikan vaksin. Segera berikan vaksin pada si kecil ketika sudah waktunya. 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 07:31

Mayo Clinic. Diphtheria. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diphtheria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351897

University of Rocherster Medical Center. Available from: https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=90&contentid=P02511

CDC. Signs and Symptoms. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/about/symptoms.html

Kids Health. Diphtheria. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/diphtheria.html

IDAI. Himbauan IDAI tentang Peningkatan Kewaspadaan Terhadap Kasus Difteri. Available from: https://www.idai.or.id/artikel/seputar-kesehatan-anak/himbauan-idai-tentang-peningkatan-kewaspadaan-terhadap-kasus-difteri

 

Kemenkes RI (2017). Pedoman Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Difteri. Available from: https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/buku-pedoman-pencegahan-dan-penanggulangan-difteri.pdf

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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