Skizofrenia, Kenali Gejala dan Penyebabnya

Skizofrenia, Kenali Gejala dan Penyebabnya
Ilustrasi skizofrenia. Credit: Freepik

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Skizofrenia adalah kondisi kesehatan mental kronis. Belum diketahui dengan pasti penyebab skizofrenia, namun para peneliti yakin bahwa skizofrenia dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai kombinasi faktor internal dan eksternal seperti faktor genetik dan lingkungan.

 

Apa Itu Skizofrenia?

Skizofrenia adalah gangguan mental kronis yang dapat memengaruhi kondisi kejiwaan, cara berpikir, bersikap, mengekspresikan emosi dan cara penderitanya dalam melihat realita. Orang dengan skizofrenia akan mengalami halusinasi, delusi, sulit membedakan mana khayalan dan kenyataan. Akibatnya, pengidap skizofrenia akan mengalami kesulitan dalam banyak aspek kehidupan sehari-hari dan bisa memengaruhi orang-orang.

Para ahli melihat skizofrenia sebagai suatu spektrum masalah kejiwaan yang meliputi beberapa kondisi berikut:

  • Gangguan waham
  • Gangguan psikotik singkat
  • Gangguan skizoafektif
  • Gangguan kepribadian skizotipal 
  • Gangguan spektrum skizofrenia lainnya (dijelaskan atau tidak dijelaskan), digunakan untuk variasi skizofrenia yang tidak biasa

Skizofrenia dapat dialami sejak usia remaja. Pada pria, gejala skizofrenia bisa muncul antara usia 15-25 tahun sedangkan pada wanita, gejala skizofrenia dapat muncul pada usia 25-35 tahun.

Baca Juga: Mengenal Mental Block dan Cara Mengatasinya

 

Gejala Skizofrenia

Pengidap skizofrenia mungkin tidak menyadari bahwa ia memiliki gejala skizofrenia. Umumnya orang-orang di sekitar pengidap skizofrenia lebih sering menyadari gejala tersebut jika dibandingkan dengan pengidap skizofrenia itu sendiri.

Beberapa gejala skizofrenia yang dapat muncul antara lain:

  • Delusi

Kondisi ini terjadi ketika pengidap skizofrenia meyakini suatu kenyataan yang salah tanpa ada bukti yang mendukung dan tidak dirasakan oleh orang lain. Misalnya, pengidap skizofrenia merasa ada seseorang yang mengendalikan apa yang dipikirkan atau dilakukan, atau merasa bahwa dia seorang nabi.

  • Halusinasi

Pengidap skizofrenia melihat, mendengar, mencium, merasakan atau menyentuh hal-hal yang sebenarnya tidak ada. Namun, hal-hal yang mereka rasakan itu terasa sangat nyata.

  • Bicara tidak teratur atau koheren

Pengidap skizofrenia kesulitan untuk mengatur pikiran saat bicara sehingga tidak bisa berkomunikasi dengan efektif. Mereka bisa menjawab pertanyaan dengan hal-hal yang tidak terlalu atau benar-benar tidak berkaitan. Hal ini membuat orang-orang kesulitan memahami mereka.

  • Gerakan tidak teratur atau tidak biasa

Pengidap skizofrenia dapat melakukan gerakan tidak biasa atau berbeda dari yang diharapkan orang di sekitar. Misalnya, pengidap skizofrenia mungkin banyak berbalik badan tanpa alasan yang jelas atau memiliki postur tubuh yang aneh.

  • Gejala negatif

Gejala "negatif" ini mengacu pada penurunan atau hilangnya kemampuan pengidap skizofrenia untuk berfungsi secara normal. Misalnya, pengidap skizofrenia memiliki keterbatasan dalam mengekspresikan emosinya, seperti tidak melakukan kontak mata, ekspresi wajah tidak berubah atau berbicara dengan suara datar dan tanpa emosi. Gejala negatif juga dapat berupa kurangnya motivasi, terutama ketika pengidap skizofrenia tidak ingin bersosialisasi atau melakukan hal-hal yang biasanya disukai.

Pengidap skizofrebia dapat mengalami gejala yang bervariasi dalam jenis dan tingkat keparahan yang berbeda dari waktu ke waktu. Beberapa gejala dapat semakin parah atau menghilang, namun beberapa gejala mungkin selalu ada.

Gejala yang muncul pada usia remaja dan dewasa juga dapat terlihat berbeda. Pada remaja, gejala lebih sulit untuk dikenali karena mirip dengan perubahan perilaku pada remaja umumnya. Beberapa gejala awal yang dapat muncul antara lain: 

  • Menarik diri dari teman dan keluarga
  • Mengalami penurunan prestasi di sekolah
  • Gangguan tidur
  • Iritabel atau suasana hati yang tertekan
  • Kurang motivasi

Jika dibandingkan dengan dewasa, remaja yang mengalami skizofrenia umumya lebih jarang mengalami delusi namun lebih sering mengalami halusinasi secara visual.

Baca Juga: Terlalu Banyak Mengakses Berita Negatif Bisa Memengaruhi Kesehatan Mental

 

Penyebab Skizofrenia

Dilansir dari Mayo Clinic, belum dapat diketahui dengan pasti apa penyebab skizofrenia, namun para peneliti percaya bahwa kombinasi genetik, interaksi kimia di otak, dan faktor lingkungan dapat berkontribusi terhadap munculnya gangguan tersebut. Gangguan perkembangan otak sejak lahir, beberapa penyakit yang memengaruhi otak seperti infeksi di area otak, penyakit autoimun dan stres dalam jangka panjang juga dapat menyebabkan terjadinya skizofrenia. 

Skizofrenia adalah suatu kondisi mental yang sangat bervariasi pada setiap orang. Jika dibiarkan tanpa penanganan, hal ini dapat menggangu kehidupan Anda sehari-hari termasuk hubungan sosial. Jika mengalami gejala skizofrenia sebaiknya segera konsultasikan ke dokter. Anda juga dapat memanfaatkan fitur konsultasi pada aplikasi Ai Care yang dengan mudah diunduh di ponsel. 

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Kamis, 5 Oktober 2023 | 06:35

WHO. Schizophrenia. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/schizophrenia?gclid

Mayo Clinic. Schizophrenia. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/schizophrenia/symptoms-causes/syc-20354443

Cleveland Clinic. Schizophrenia. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4568-schizophrenia

WebMD Editorial Contributors. Schizophrenia: An Overview. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/schizophrenia/mental-health-schizophrenia

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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