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Gejala dan Penyebab Retinoblastoma, Kanker Mata Yang Sering Ditemukan Pada Anak

Gejala dan Penyebab Retinoblastoma, Kanker Mata Yang Sering Ditemukan Pada Anak

Bagikan :


Retinoblastoma adalah kanker mata yang sering ditemukan pada usia anak-anak dan jarang terjadi pada orang dewasa. Kanker mata ini dimulai di retina (lapisan tipis di bagian belakang bola mata). Lapisan ini terdiri dari jaringan saraf yang dapat merasakan saat cahaya datang melalui bagian depan mata. Retina kemudian mengirimkan sinyal melalui saraf optik ke otak yang kemudian sinyal ini ditafsirkan sebagai gambar.

Retinoblastoma termasuk jenis kanker yang langka, sekitar 200-300 anak yang didiagnosa mengalami retinoblastoma setiap tahunnya. Kanker mata ini bisa menyerang anak laki-laki maupun perempuan dan bisa berkembang di salah satu mata atau kedua mata sekaligus.

Gejala retinoblastoma

Gejala yang paling jelas saat kanker mata ini muncul adalah perubahan warna pada pupil (bagian hitam pada tengah mata) yang biasanya hitam menjadi terlihat putih. Gejala lain yang menyertai antara lain seperti dilansir WebMD berikut:

  • Mata terlihat lebih lebar dari mata normal
  • Adanya kekeruhan atau perubahan warna di tengah mata
  • Rasa sakit di mata
  • Mata terlihat melihat ke arah yang berbeda
  • Adanya kemerahan pada bagian putih mata
  • Adanya gangguan penglihatan

Perkembangan stadium perkembangan tumor pada retina

Dilansir Cleveland Clinic, pertumbuhan sel-sel tumor di dalam retina menentukan stadium/level sel kankernya, di antaranya:

  • Stadium 0 - ketika sel tumor hanya muncul di salah satu mata dan dokter dapat mengobatinya tanpa harus melakukan pembedahan
  • Stadium 1 - ketika sel tumor muncul di salah satu mata, namun dokter hanya bisa mengatasinya dengan mengangkat mata yang sakit
  • Stadium 2 - ketika sel tumor muncul di salah satu mata, namun sel kanker masih tertinggal walaupun mata yang sakit telah diangkat. Sel kanker ini terlalu kecil hingga harus dilihat menggunakan mikroskop
  • Stadium 3 - ketika sel kanker telah menyebar ke jaringan di sekitar rongga mata, menyebar ke kelenjar getah bening di leher atau telinga
  • Stadium 4 - ketika sel kanker telah menyebar ke area tubuh lain, dan mungkin telah memengaruhi tulang dan juga hati, serta otak atau sumsum tulang belakang

Penyebab retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma dapat terjadi ketika sel-sel saraf di retina mengalami mutasi (perubahan) genetik. Mutasi ini kemudian menyebabkan sel-sel terus tumbuh secara tidak normal dan berkembang biak tidak terkendali sampai membentuk tumor. Menurut Cleveland Clinic, sekitar 40% anak mewarisi mutasi RB1 (retinoblastoma yang diwariskan) dan 60% kasus retinoblastoma lainnya terjadi akibat perubahan gen secara spontan.

60% anak yang mengalami retinoblastoma herediter bilateral mengembangkan tumor di kedua mata yang terbentuk pada saat yang sama dan tumbuh selama berbulan-bulan atau bertahun-tahun. Sedangkan 30% lainnya hanya mengalaminya di salah satu mata saja. 10% sisa angkanya mungkin tidak mengembangkan tumor retina, namun menjadi pembawa gen.

Sel kanker retinoblastoma dapat menyerang ke jaringan mata di dekatnya dan juga menyebar ke area lain tubuh seperti otak dan tulang belakang. Sehingga sangat penting untuk melakukan deteksi awal, sebelum sel kanker menyebar ke jaringan lain mata atau area lain tubuh. Dengan deteksi dini, ketika sel-sel kanker belum menyebar, maka retinoblastoma dapat disembuhkan.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 04:24

Mayo Clinic (2021). Retinoblastoma. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008

Stephanie Langmaid (2020). What Is Retinoblastoma?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-retinoblastoma

Cleveland Clinic (2021). Retinoblastoma (Cancer of the Eye). Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/10706-retinoblastoma-cancer-of-the-eye

 

 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        #12025-04-25 18:39:09GET/penyakit/gejala-dan-penyebab-retinoblastoma3113162