Kenali Dampak Radiasi Nuklir bagi Tubuh

Kenali Dampak Radiasi Nuklir bagi Tubuh
Ilustrasi efek radiasi nuklir. Credit: Freepik

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Teknologi radiasi memiliki sejumlah manfaat di berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia. Namun, paparan radiasi dalam jumlah besar pada tubuh bisa berdampak negatif bagi kesehatan seperti keracunan, peningkatan risiko kanker, dan pada bencana radiasi fatal dapat menyebabkan kematian.

 

Apa Itu Radiasi Nuklir?

Radiasi adalah emisi energi dari gelombang elektromagnetik atau partikel subatom yang bergerak. Terdapat dosis rendah dan dosis besar dari paparan radiasi. Umumnya jenis radiasi yang dapat membahayakan diri adalah jenis radiasi dosis besar. Karena radiasi sangat diregulasi, manusia jarang menerima radiasi dalam dosis besar (~50 rem), walaupun dosis yang lebih rendah juga masih bisa merusak atau mengubah materi genetik (DNA) sel.

Sebenarnya, ada banyak banyak bahan radioaktif alami yang bisa ditemukan di tanah, air, udara, dan di dalam tubuh. Saat ini, sumber paparan radiasi buatan yang paling umum pada manusia adalah mesin sinar-X dan bahan radiofarmasi yang digunakan untuk mendiagnosis penyakit, pengobatan atau radioterapi dan perangkat medis lainnya.

Paparan radiasi juga dapat berasal dari sumber alami (misalnya gas radon yang terurai di lingkungan baik di dalam tanah maupun air) atau sumber lainnya. Paparan dapat bersifat eksternal (dengan atau tanpa kontaminasi pada kulit, rambut, pakaian), internal (terhirup, tertelan, atau melalui luka yang terkontaminasi), atau kombinasi keduanya.

Baca Juga: Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Kanker Kulit

 

Bahaya Paparan Radiasi Dosis Tinggi bagi Kesehatan

Di balik berbagai manfaat radiasi nuklir bagi kehidupan sehari-hari, paparan radiasi berlebihan atau dalam dosis tinggi dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan. Orang yang terpapar radiasi nuklir dalam dosis yang sangat tinggi atau dalam waktu lama dapat mengalami keracunan dan bila radiasi tersebut mencapai organ dalam, bisa mengganggu fungsi dan kerjanya. Kondisi ini dikenal dengan keracunan radiasi.

Namun, perlu diketahui bahwa radiasi dosis rendah seperti penggunaan sinar X dan CT Scan tidak memicu kondisi keracunan radiasi. Seseorang berisiko mengalami keracunan radiasi radioaktif jika bekerja atau berada di sekitar reaktor nuklir dalam waktu yang lama dan tanpa pengamanan khusus, terpapar limbah radioaktif dan terkena ledakan reaktor nuklir. 

Paparan radiasi yang berlebihan dapat merusak jaringan dan organ hidup, tergantung pada jumlah dosis yang diterima dosisnya. Besar kecilnya potensi kerusakan bergantung pada beberapa faktor, antara lain:

  • Jenis radiasi
  • Sensitivitas jaringan dan organ yang terpapar
  • Rute dan durasi paparan
  • Isotop radioaktif yang terlibat
  • Karakteristik individu orang yang terpapar (usia, jenis kelamin, dan kondisi kesehatan yang mendasarinya)

Risiko timbulnya efek negatif pada kesehatan bergantung pada dosis radiasi. Semakin tinggi dosisnya, semakin tinggi pula risiko efek samping. Jika dosis radiasi rendah atau diberikan dalam jangka waktu lama, risikonya jauh lebih rendah karena kerusakan sel dan molekul akan diperbaiki oleh tubuh.

Baca Juga: Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Kanker Endometrium

 

Gejala Keracunan Radiasi

Ketika seseorang mengalami keracunan radiasi nuklir, beberapa gejala yang dapat muncul antara lain:

  • Mual dan muntah
  • Diare
  • Sakit kepala
  • Demam
  • Pusing dan disorientasi
  • Badan lemas dan lelah
  • Kerontokan rambut
  • Muntah darah dan munculnya tinja dalam darah akibat pendarahan organ internal
  • Infeksi
  • Tekanan darah rendah

Apabila Anda mengalami paparan radiasi nuklir dalam jumlah besar dan mengalami reaksi tersebut sebaiknya segera periksakan diri ke dokter. 

Paparan radiasi nuklir juga dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan dalam jangka panjang. Beberapa gangguan radiasi nuklir dalam jangka panjang antara lain: 

  • Merusak sel-sel tubuh sehingga dapat memicu komplikasi 

Area tubuh yang paling sering terdampak adalah lambung, pembuluh darah, mulut dan sel yang memproduksi darah. Adanya kerusakan sel pada organ tersebut memicu gangguan sistem kekebalan tubuh yang menyebabkan seseorang rentan mengalami infeksi dan tak jarang menyebabkan kematian.

  • Meningkatkan risiko terkena kanker

Paparan radiasi nuklir dapat memicu mutasi sel yang menyebabkan terjadinya kanker. Beberapa penyakit kanker yang banyak terjadi adalah kanker kulit, kanker tulang dan kanker tiroid.

  • Meningkatkan risiko kecacatan

Paparan radiasi nuklir dalam dosis tinggi dapat berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Jika pekerjaan Anda mengharuskan Anda untuk berada di area yang memiliki radiasi nuklir tinggi sebaiknya gunakan hazmat anti radiasi. Apabila memiliki pertanyaan seputar kesehatan, Anda dapat menggunakan fitur konsultasi yang tersedia pada aplikasi Ai Care.  

 

Mau tahu tips dan trik kesehatan, pertolongan pertama, dan home remedies lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Selasa, 30 April 2024 | 08:51

Mayo Clinic. Radiation Sickness. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/radiation-sickness/symptoms-causes/syc-20377058#

Smith, M. (2022). What Is Radiation Sickness. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/radiation-sickness-facts#

WHO. (2023). Radiation and Health. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/questions-and-answers/item/radiation-and-health#

Atomic Archive. Radiation Effects on Humans. Available from: https://www.atomicarchive.com/science/effects/radiation-effects-human.html

EPA. Radiation Health. Available from: https://www.epa.gov/radiation/radiation-health-effects

Cleveland Clinic. Radiation Sickness. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24328-radiation-sickness#

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.92msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3682 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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