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Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Kanker Mata pada Anak (Retinoblastoma)

Penyebab dan Faktor Risiko Kanker Mata pada Anak (Retinoblastoma)

Bagikan :


Kanker bukan hanya bisa dialami oleh orang dewasa namun juga anak-anak. Salah satu kanker yang banyak dialami oleh anak-anak adalah kanker mata atau retinoblastoma. 

 

Apa itu retinoblastoma? 

Retinoblastoma adalah kanker yang terjadi pada mata anak, tepatnya di bagian retina. Pada retinoblastoma, sel-sel retina yang belum matang (retinoblas) tumbuh tidak terkendali sehingga terjadilah kanker mata atau retinoblastoma. Kondisi ini umumnya dialami anak-anak berusia 5 tahun atau lebih muda. 

Salah satu tanda retinoblastoma yang mudah dikenali adalah mata anak terlihat mengkilat seperti mata kucing jika difoto dengan lampu flash atau terkena sinar. Selain itu terdapat perubahan warna pada pupil mata, mata merah, dapat terasa nyeri, dan mata anak terlihat fokus ke arah yang berbeda. 

 

Penyebab retinoblastoma pada anak

Retinoblastoma terjadi ketika DNA dalam sel retina mengalami mutasi genetik. Mutasi ini menyebabkan sel tumbuh tidak terkendali dan berlipat ganda. Pertumbuhan sel yang tidak terkendali ini akhirnya terakumulasi dan membentuk tumor yang mengganggu penglihatan anak. Meskipun jarang terjadi, namun retinoblastoma dapat menyebar ke kedua mata dan organ lainnya. 

Sebagian besar retinoblastoma tidak diketahui apa penyebab pasti terjadinya mutasi penyebab kanker. Namun para ahli berpendapat bahwa retinoblastoma dapat terjadi karena faktor keturunan.

 

Faktor risiko terjadinya retinoblastoma pada anak

Masing-masing jenis kanker memiliki faktor risiko yang berbeda. Apabila kanker pada orang dewasa sering dipicu oleh berat badan, aktivitas fisik, pola makan yang buruk dan penggunaan rokok serta zat-zat yang berbahaya lainnya, kanker pada anak memiliki pemicu dan faktor risiko yang berbeda.  Dilansir dari American Cancer Society, setidaknya ada beberapa faktor risiko penyebab retinoblastoma yaitu: 

1. Usia 

Sebagian besar anak yang mengalami retinoblastoma berusia kurang dari 3 tahun. Sebagian besar retinoblastoma yang bersifat diwariskan dapat terjadi selama tahun pertama kehidupan. Sedangkan retinoblastoma yang tidak diwariskan cenderung sering didiagnosis pada anak berusia 1 dan 2 tahun. Retinoblastoma jarang terjadi ketika anak berusia lebih besar atau di atas 6 tahun. 

2. Keturunan

Hingga saat ini penyebab retinoblastoma yang diketahui adalah adanya mutasi atau perubahan genetik. Bentuk genetik retinoblastoma menyumbang sekitar 40% kasus dan sering terjadi pada anak-anak yang berusia kurang dari 1 tahun. 

Retinoblastoma yang terjadi pada kedua mata seringkali disebabkan karena faktor genetik. Namun pada anak yang mengalami retinoblastoma pada 1 mata jarang disebabkan oleh faktor genetik. 

Apabila anak yang baru lahir memiliki riwayat retinoblastoma, sebaiknya bayi segera diperiksa setelah lahir untuk mendeteksi dan mengobati kanker mata.  

3. Faktor risiko lainnya yang belum jelas

Selain usia dan faktor keturunan, retinoblastoma juga dapat dipicu oleh kondisi dan gaya hidup orang tua selama masa kehamilan anak. Beberapa hal dari orang tua yang meningkatkan risiko kanker mata pada anak antara lain:

  • Ibu kurang asupan buah dan sayuran selama masa kehamilan
  • Sering terpapar zat kimia dari bahan bakar selama kehamilan
  • Orang tua si kecil sering terpapar radiasi
  • Usia yang lebih tua di kalangan para ayah

 

Kondisi kanker mata pada anak (retinoblastoma) tentu membuat orang tua khawatir. Namun jika kondisi ini cepat terdeteksi maka anak semakin cepat mendapat penanganan sehingga hasil pengobatan diharapkan dapat membantu penglihatan anak menjadi lebih baik. Beberapa jenis pengobatan yang dapat diberikan pada pasien kanker mata anak antara lain kemoterapi, terapi radiasi, terapi laser, krioterapi dan kemoterapi.

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 22:29

Mayo Clinic. Retinoblastoma. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/retinoblastoma/symptoms-causes/syc-20351008

American Society of Clinical Oncology. (2020). Retinoblastoma-childhood: Risk Factors. Available from: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/retinoblastoma-childhood/risk-factors

American Cancer Society. Retinoblastoma Causes, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Available from: https://www.cancer.org/content/dam/CRC/PDF/Public/8799.00.pdf

Langmaid. S. (2020). What is Retinoblastoma. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/cancer/what-is-retinoblastoma

Retinoblastoma and Your Child’s Eyes. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/eye-health/eye-health-retinoblastoma-child-eyes

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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