Gangguan Bipolar: Gejala, Penyebab dan Pengobatan

Gangguan Bipolar: Gejala, Penyebab dan Pengobatan

Bagikan :


Gangguan Bipolar adalah kondisi kesehatan mental yang menyebabkan perubahan mood 'suasana hati' yang ekstrem, yang meliputi mood meninggi (mania dan hipomania) serta mood yang menurun (depresi).

Kondisi ini membuat seseorang bisa merasa sangat sedih atau putus asa, dan di waktu lain suasana hati berubah menjadi sangat senang, penuh energi dan sangat mudah tersinggung. Perubahan suasana hati tersebut dapat mempengaruhi tidur, energi, aktivitas, penilaian, perilaku dan kemampuan berpikir jernih.

 

Tipe Gangguan Bipolar

Dilansir Mayo Clinic, Gangguan Bipolar memiliki beberapa tipe yang dibedakan berdasarkan gejala yang dialami, antara lain:

  • Gangguan Bipolar tipe I

Pasien dengan Gangguan Bipolar tipe 1, mengalami episode mania lebih sering dan intens dibandingkan dengan episode depresi.

  • Gangguan Bipolar tipe II

Sedangkan pada Gangguan Bipolar tipe 2, episode mood yang tinggi tidak pernah mencapai mania, hanya hipomania saja. Episode depresi dialami lebih sering dibandingkan Gangguan Bipolar tipe 1.

  • Gangguan Siklotimia

Gangguan siklotimia merupakan bentuk bipolar yang ringan. Episode hipomania dan depresi dirasakan lebih sering namun ringan, seperti mood swing. Untuk dapat didiagnosis Gangguan Siklotimia, setidaknya pasien harus mengalaminya selama 2 tahun.

  • Gangguan bipolar lainnya

Gangguan bipolar yang dipicu oleh konsumsi obat terlarang atau minuman beralkohol, atau kondisi medis seperti penyakit sindrom Cushing, multiple sclerosis atau stroke.

 

Gejala

Mania dan Hipomania

Mania dan hipomania adalah dua episode yang berbeda, namun memiliki gejala yang sama. Kondisi mania lebih parah daripada hipomania dan dapat menyebabkan masalah di tempat kerja, sekolah, atau kegiatan sosial lain. Mania juga dapat memicu psikosis, dan jika berat pasien mungkin akan memerlukan rawat inap.

Dilansir NHS UK, berikut adalah gejala episode mania dan hipomania

  • Perasaan sangat bahagia yang berlebihan
  • Berbicara sangat cepat
  • Perasaan penuh energi
  • Merasa diri sendiri sangat penting
  • Merasa penuh ide baru dan rencana yang penting dalam hidup
  • Sangat mudah teralihkan
  • Sangat mudah tersinggung
  • Memiliki halusinasi dan berpikir tidak masuk akal
  • Tidak merasa mengantuk
  • Tidak berminat makan
  • Melakukan hal-hal yang memiliki konsekuensi berbahaya seperti menghabiskan banyak uang untuk membeli barang-barang mahal dan kadang tidak terjangkau
  • Membuat keputusan atau mengatakan hal-hal yang tidak sesuai dengan karakter dan dilihat oleh orang lain sebagai sesuatu yang berbahaya

 

Depresi

Selama mengalami episode depresi, berikut adalah gejala yang akan muncul:

  • Merasa sangat sedih, tidak ada harapan, dan mudah tersinggung di waktu-waktu tertentu
  • Merasa kelelahan dan tidak punya energi
  • Kesulitan berkonsentrasi dan mengingat sesuatu
  • Kehilangan ketertarikan dalam melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari
  • Merasa hampa dan tidak berguna
  • Merasa bersalah dan putus asa
  • Merasa pesimis pada segala hal
  • Meragukan kemampuan diri sendiri
  • Berhalusinasi dan memiliki pemikiran yang tidak logis
  • Tidak selera makan
  • Kesulitan tidur
  • Bangun lebih awal dari biasanya
  • Memiliki pemikiran ingin bunuh diri

 

Penyebab

Tidak diketahui dengan pasti apa yang menyebabkan gangguan bipolar. Namun, seperti dilansir Mayo Clinic, faktor berikut mungkin menjadi penyebabnya:

  • Perbedaan biologis - orang dengan gangguan bipolar diduga memiliki perubahan fisik pada otak
  • Kondisi genetik - para peneliti masih berusaha menemukan apakah ada riwayat genetik yang menyebabkan gangguan bipolar dan apakah dapat diwariskan dari orang tua ke anak

 

Pengobatan

Untuk mengobati gangguan bipolar diperlukan diagnosa dan perawatan dari psikiater yang memang memiliki keahlian dalam mengatasi penyakit bipolar.

Karena gangguan bipolar adalah gangguan jangka panjang yang tidak bisa benar-benar disebuhkan, maka beberapa perawatan bisa dilakukan untuk meredakan gejalanya, antara lain seperti:

  • Mengonsumsi obat yang dapat menyeimbangkan suasana hati, antispikotik, antidepresan, antidepresan-antipsikotik, dan pengobatan anti kecemasan
  • Perawatan dan terapi jangka panjang, terapi harian, dan perawatan yang dilakukan bila gangguan bipolar disebabkan oleh penyalahgunaan narkoba dan minuman beralkohol
  • Perawatan di rumah sakit terutama apabila gangguan bipolar menyebabkan usaha untuk bunuh diri

Gangguan bipolar dapat membahayakan jiwa apabila tidak mendapatkan perawatan dan pengobatan yang tepat. Sehingga sebaiknya jika Anda memiliki diagnosa gangguan bipolar, konsultasikan dan ikuti terapi dan perawatan yang disarankan oleh dokter.

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 20:48

Bipolar disorder. February 2021. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bipolar-disorder/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355961

Symptoms - Bipolar disorder. March 2019. https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/bipolar-disorder/symptoms/

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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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