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Apa Itu Virus Marburg? Kenali Penanganan dan Pencegahan Penularannya

Apa Itu Virus Marburg? Kenali Penanganan dan Pencegahan Penularannya
Credit: freepik

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Virus Marburg pertama kali ditemukan di tahun 1967 di laboratorium Marburg dan Frankfurt. Virus Marburg pernah muncul di kawasan sub Sahara Afrika. Pada Februari 2023, virus ini kembali merebak di Guyana Ekuatorial. Seperti apa infeksi virus Marburg dan bisakah virus ini dicegah? Simak ulasannya berikut ini.

 

Apa Itu Virus Marburg?

Virus Marburg termasuk dalam famili Filoviridae seperti virus Ebola. Virus ini dapat menular melalui kelelawar buah asal Afrika yang disebut kelelawar Egyptian rousette. Kelelawar yang terinfeksi bisa menularkan virus Marburg pada hewan primata baik secara langsung atau tidak langsung, seperti melalui makanan yang terkontaminasi oleh kelelawar (mangga, kurma, dll.). 

Selain menular dari hewan ke manusia, virus ini juga dapat menular antar manusia bila berkontak dengan cairan tubuh manusia yang terinfeksi. Gejala penyakit virus Marburg mirip dengan infeksi virus Ebola, yaitu:

  • Demam
  • Sakit perut
  • Nyeri otot
  • Lemah
  • Diare
  • Tidak nafsu makan
  • Sakit kepala

Setelah 5-7 hari, gejala akan berkembang menjadi sakit tenggorokan, mual, muntah dan muncul ruam, badan kuning (jaundice), gagal hati, radang pankreas dan penurunan berat badan.

Baca Juga: Bukan Hanya Virus, Kenali Jenis-Jenis Meningitis Berdasarkan Penyebabnya

 

Cara Penularan Virus Marburg

Belum diketahui bagaimana virus Marburg pertama kali menyebar dari inang hewannya ke manusia. Menurut WHO, virus Marburg ditularkan dari kelelawar pada manusia dengan berbagai cara, seperti:

  • Berkontak dengan virus melalui cairan tubuh hewan yang terinfeksi.
  • Mengonsumsi makanan yang terkontaminasi virus.
  • Bersentuhan dengan hewan yang terinfeksi.

Sedangkan antar manusia, virus Marburg dapat menular dengan cara kontak langsung seperti melalui kulit yang luka atau selaput lendir pada mata, hidung dan mulut. Dilansir dari CDC, virus menyebar melalui kontak langsung lewat cara berikut:

  • Kontak langsung cairan tubuh atau darah dari pasien atau orang yang terinfeksi virus Marburg melalui selaput lendir atau luka.
  • Benda yang terkontaminasi cairan tubuh pasien atau orang yang meninggal akibat virus Marburg (pakaian, selimut, dan peralatan medis).
  • Proses penguburan pasien yang terinfeksi dan masih terdapat virus Marburg dalam tubuhnya, serta melibatkan kontak langsung.
  • Kontak dengan air mani dari pria yang sembuh infeksi Marburg melalui hubungan seksual.

 

Pencegahan Penularan Virus Marburg

Tindakan preventif unuk mencegah penularan virus Marburg belum dapat diketahui dengan pasti. Namun para ahli menganjurkan untuk menghindari populasi kelelwar buah dan primata lain yang sedang sakit.

Apabila Anda mengunjungi area habitat kelelawar buah tersebut, maka sebaiknya gunakan sarung tangan dan pelindung diri lainnya seperti masker.

Selain itu, beberapa cara yang bisa dilakukan untuk mencegah penularan virus Marburg antara lain:

  • Hindari mengonsumsi daging yang tidak matang terutama di area endemik atau wabah virus Marburg.
  • Hindari kontak langsung dengan orang yang dicurigai terinfeksi virus Marburg termasuk cairan tubuhnya.
  • Rajin mencuci tangan dengan sabun dan air mengalir terutama setelah menjenguk ornag sakit.
  • Hindari bepergian ke area yang merupakan area wabah virus Marburg.

Baca Juga: Mengenal Adenovirus, Penyebab Berbagai Macam Penyakit Infeksi

 

Penanganan Virus Marburg

Dilansir dari laman Infeksi Emerging Kemenkes RI, hingga saat ini belum ada obat atau vaksin khusus untuk penyakit virus Marburg. Pengobatan yang tersedia saat ini lebih bersifat suportif dan mengobati gejala (simptomatif).

Penanganan yang diberikan pada pasien meliputi:

  • Memastikan keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit pasien.
  • Memantau saturasi oksigen pasien dan tekanan darah.
  • Melakukan transfusi darah untuk menggantikan darah yang hilang dan menggumpal.
  • Penanganan lainnya yang disesuaikan dengan gejala yang muncul.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Senin, 17 April 2023 | 01:21

CDC. (2021). About Marburg Virus Disease. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/about.html.

CDC. (2021). Marburg (Marburg Virus Disease). Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/marburg/symptoms/index.html.

WHO Africa. Equatorial Guinea confirms first-ever Marburg virus disease outbreak. Available from: https://www.afro.who.int/countries/equatorial-guinea/news/equatorial-guinea-confirms-first-ever-marburg-virus-disease-outbreak.

Infeksi Emerging Kemenkes RI. (2023). Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) Penyakit Virus Marburg. Available from: https://infeksiemerging.kemkes.go.id/penyakit-virus/frequently-asked-questions-faq-penyakit-virus-marburg.

Syed.A., PharmD. Marburg Virus. Available from: https://www.osmosis.org/answers/marburg-virus.

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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.83msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1178 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1178
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.7msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9600 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9600
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.95msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7301 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7301
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.94msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9763 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9763
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.36msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9837 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9837
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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