6 Jenis Penyakit Autoimun yang Paling Umum

6 Jenis Penyakit Autoimun yang Paling Umum

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Anda mungkin sering mendengar penyakit autoimun. Namun tak jarang orang sulit membayangkan seperti apa penyakit autoimun itu. Pasalnya, penyakit autoimun memang sangat beragam dan memiliki gejala serta penyebab yang berbeda-beda. Lantas, apa sebenarnya yang dimaksud dengan autoimun dan apa saja penyakit autoimun yang paling sering terjadi?

 

Apa itu penyakit autoimun?

Autoimun adalah kondisi di mana sistem imun tubuh berbalik menyerang sel-sel sehat dalam tubuh Anda. Dilansir dari Healthline, normalnya sistem imun tubuh akan menyerang virus dan bakteri yang menyebabkan infeksi dalam tubuh. Namun pada pengidap autoimun, sel imun tubuh salah mengenali sel tubuh sebagai ancaman, sehingga sel imun tubuh mengeluarkan autoantobodi yang dapat menyerang sel sehat. AKibatnya, terjadi proses inflamasi sehingga menimbulkan gejala pada tubuh.

Setidaknya ada sekitar 80 jenis penyakit autoimun dan dapat menyerang semua anggota tubuh seperti saraf, jantung, paru-paru dan saluran pencernaan juga pembuluh darah. Beberapa penyakit autoimun menyerang 1 organ tubuh saja seperti diabetes tipe 1. Namun pada penyakit autoimun lainnya seperti lupus atau rematik dapat menyerang beberapa organ tubuh bersamaan.

 

Jenis penyakit autoimun yang paling umum

Meskipun terdengar asing, namun sebenarnya banyak penyakit autoimun yang dialami sebagian besar masyarakat di sekitar kita. Dilansir dari WebMD, berikut ini beberapa penyakit autoimun yang paling umum:

1. Rheumatoid arthritis atau rematik

Rematik adalah salah satu kondisi autoimun yang paling umum. Rematik adalah penyakit autoimun dapat menyerang berbagai organ namun yang paling sering adalah sendi. Sistem kekebalan menghasilkan antibodi yang menempel pada lapisan sendi. Pada pengidap rematik, sistem kekebalan kemudian menyerang persendian sehingga menyebabkan peradangan, pembengkakan dan nyeri. Penyakit ini paling sering meyerang sendi tangan, pergelangan tangan, kaki dan lutut. Pada beberapa kasus rematik juga dapat menyerang bagian lain dari tubuh seperti mata, jantung atau kulit namun sangat jarang terjadi.

2. Lupus

Pada awal ditemukannya penyakit lupus, para dokter mengira lupus adalah penyakit kulit akibat bercak kemerahan yang ditampilkan. Saat ini, lupus telah dikenal sebagai salah satu penyakit autoimun yang banyak dialami perempuan. Lupus termasuk penyakit autoimun yang dapat menyerang beberapa organ tubuh seperti persendian, ginjal, otak dan jantung.

3. Diabetes mellitus tipe 1

Penyakit diabetes mellitus tipe 1 disebabkan oleh antibodi sistem imun yang menyerang sel penghasil insulin di pankreas. Berbeda dengan diabetes mellitus tipe 2 yang lebih sering terjadi karena disebabkan oleh gaya hidup, pada diabetes melitus tipe 1 tubuh tidak dapat memproduksi insulin sama sekali sehingga penderitanya membutuhkan suntikan insulin untuk bertahan hidup. Kadar gula darah yang meningkat dan tidak terkontrol dapat memengaruhi ginjal, saraf dan penglihatan. 

4. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) atau peradangan usus

Pada penyakit ini, sistem kekebalan menyerang usus yang menyebabkan peradangan pada jaringan usus. Beberapa gejala peradangan usus di antaranya diare, pendarahan di tinja, nyeri perut dan menurunnya berat badan. 

5. Psoriasis

Penyakit yang menyerang kulit ini adalah salah satu jenis autoimun yang menyerang kulit. Pada pengidap psoriasis, sel kulit baru tumbuh sangat cepat dan mendesak sel kulit mati sehinga menumpuk di permukaan kulit. Penyakit ini kemudian menyebab kulit menjadi kemerahan, tebal dan bersisik. Psoriasis yang berat juga dapat memengaruhi bagian tubuh lain seperti persendian, namun lebih jarang dibandingkan manifestasinya di kulit.

6. Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS)

Pada penyakit ini, sistem imun tubuh menyerang saraf yang mengatur otot di kaki atau lengan dan tubuh bagian atas. Akibatnya, tubuh merasa lunglai dan dapat membuat pengidapnya merasa lumpuh. Penyebab tersering adalah riwayat mengalami infeksi pernafasan maupun pencernaan sebelumnya. Kondisi ini dapat berbahaya karena beresiko membuat penderitanya mengalami sesak napas sehingga penderita harus dipantau di rumah sakit.

 

Writer: Ratih

Edited by: dr. Benita Arini Kurniadi

Last updated: 08/07/2021

 

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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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