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Mengapa Perempuan Cenderung Mengalami Penyakit Autoimun?

Mengapa Perempuan Cenderung Mengalami Penyakit Autoimun?

Bagikan :


Penyakit autoimun adalah penyakit ketika sistem imun tubuh tidak bisa membedakan sel tubuh dengan sel asing, sehingga sistem imun tubuh menyerang sel tubuh sendiri yang sehat. Akibatnya, muncul gangguan kesehatan seperti radang sendi, masalah kulit, hingga pencernaan. Beberapa kondisi autoimun di antaranya lupus, rematik, juga peradangan usus. Umumnya, sebagian besar penderita autoimun adalah perempuan. Mengapa demikian?

 

Apa itu Penyakit Autoimun?

Normalnya, sistem kekebalan tubuh akan menyerang virus, bakteri dan benda asing yang masuk ke tubuh. Namun pada penderita autoimun, sistem kekebalan tubuh gagal mengenali jaringan yang sehat sehingga sistem kekebalan tubuh justri menyerang dirinya sendiri. Kondisi ini disebut autoimunitas. Beberapa penyakit atau efek samping dari kelainan respon sistem imun tubuh ini dikenal dengan istilah penyakit autoimun.

 

Mengapa Perempuan Lebih Berisiko Mengalami Penyakit Autoimun?

Penyakit autoimun dua kali lebih berisiko menyerang perempuan dibanding menyerang pria. Gejala awal penyait autoimun susah dikenali karena autoimun dapat menyerang satu bagian atau beberapa organ tubuh dan bersifat sistemik. Selain itu gejala awal penyakit autoimun juga cenderung tidak jelas sehingga sulit untuk mendapatkan diagnosis yang tepat waktu. Untuk mendeteksi gangguan autoimun bisanya membutuhkan beberapa kali pemeriksaan fisik, riwayat kesehatan, tes darah dan tes diagnostik lainnya.

Hingga kini belum diketahui penyebab pasti mengapa perempuan lebih rentan mengalami penyakit autoimun. Namun para ahli menduga hal ini dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, yaitu:

 

1. Genetik

Gen manusia berasal dari kromosom X yang lebih banyak dimiliki perempuan. Kondisi ini diduga menyebabkan kemungkinan mutasi gen yang lebih besar sehingga perempuan yang memiliki kromosom XX berisiko mengalami penyakit autoimun.

 

2. Perubahan Hormon

Penyakit autoimun cenderung menyerang perempuan yang mengalami perubahan hormon seperti pubertas, kehamilan dan menopause. Perubahan hormon ini dapat memengaruhi sistem imun tubuh yang cara kerjanya banyak dipengaruhi oleh hormon. Karena perempuan lebih sering mengalami perubahan hormon inilah yang menyebabkan perempuan lebih berisiko mengalami autoimun dibandingkan laki-laki.

 

Faktor Risiko Penyakit Autoimun pada Perempuan

Selain faktor genetik dan perubahan hormon, sejumlah kondisi ini dapat menjadi faktor risiko perempuan rentan mengalami penyakit autoimun:

1. Berada dalam Usia Produktif

Perempuan yang masuk dalan usia subur dan produktif akan mengalami pubertas, kehamilan dan menopause. Ketiga kondisi tersebut menyebabkan perempuan mengalami perubahan hormon yang cukup drastis sehingga lebih berisiko tinggi mengalami gangguan kesehatan akibat autoimun.

2. Memiliki Keluarga dengan Riwayat Autoimun

Bagi keluarga dengan riwayat autoimun, maka risiko mengalami autoimun juga lebih tinggi. Beberapa penyakit autoimun yang banyak terjadi di keluarga di antaranya lupus dan multiple sclerosis. Selain riwayat autoimun dalam keluarga, kondisi lingkungan juga dapat mengakibatkan munculnya kondisi autoimun.

3. Memiliki Penyakit Autoimun

Seseorang yang memiliki penyakit autoimun dapat berisiko mengembangkan penyakit autoimun lainnya. Seseorang bisa mengalami lebih dari satu penyakit autoimun dikenal dengan nama multiple autoimmune syndrome. Orang dengan multiple autoimmune disease setidaknya memiliki tiga penyakit autoimun sekaligus.

 

Penyakit autoimun bukan suatu kondisi yang dapat disembuhkan, namun bisa dikendalikan. Pengobatan autoimun saat ini dilakukan dengan cara meminimalisir gejala, menghindari penyebab munculnya gejala autoimun, diet sehat, olahraga dan mengurangi stres. Jika Anda memiliki riwayat autoimun, sebaiknya konsultasikan kondisi Anda ke dokter untuk mencegah kambuh dan mendapatkan penanganan yang tepat.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 23:21
  1. Pugle M, Weiss D. Why Autoimmune Diseases Affect More Women Than Men. Very Well Health. https://www.verywellhealth.com/why-autoimmune-diseases-affect-more-women-5095040
  2. Angum F, Khan T, Kaler J, Siddiqui L, Hussain A. The Prevalence of Autoimmune Disorders in Women: A Narrative Review. Cureus. 2020 May 13;12(5):e8094. doi: 10.7759/cureus.8094. PMID: 32542149; PMCID: PMC7292717.
  3. Billi AC, Gharaee-Kermani M, Fullmer J, Tsoi LC, Hill BD, Gruszka D, Ludwig J, Xing X, Estadt S, Wolf SJ, Rizvi SM, Berthier CC, Hodgin JB, Beamer MA, Sarkar MK, Liang Y, Uppala R, Shao S, Zeng C, Harms PW, Verhaegen ME, Voorhees JJ, Wen F, Ward NL, Dlugosz AA, Kahlenberg JM, Gudjonsson JE. The female-biased factor VGLL3 drives cutaneous and systemic autoimmunity. JCI Insight. 2019 Apr 18;4(8):e127291. doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.127291. PMID: 30996136; PMCID: PMC6538382.
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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.42msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3723 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 3723
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.18msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7492 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.3msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2575 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new990μsselect * from `term_policies`
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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