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  • 5 Tahapan Infeksi Rabies pada Manusia, Masa Inkubasi Hingga Kematian

5 Tahapan Infeksi Rabies pada Manusia, Masa Inkubasi Hingga Kematian

5 Tahapan Infeksi Rabies pada Manusia, Masa Inkubasi Hingga Kematian

Bagikan :


Rabies adalah penyakit serius yang disebabkan oleh virus. Penyakit ini umumnya diderita oleh hewan, namun juga bisa ditularkan kepada hewan lain atau kepada manusia lewat gigitan hewan rabies. Pada kasus yang jarang terjadi, rabies juga dapat ditularkan ketika air liur yang terinfeksi masuk ke mata, mulut atau ke dalam luka terbuka.

Virus rabies adalah virus berbahaya karena dapat menginfeksi sistem saraf pusat yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan penyakit di otak dan kematian.

 

Hewan yang dapat menularkan rabies

Tak hanya anjing saja, hewan piaraan lain seperti sapi, kambing, kuda, kucing dan musang juga bisa menularkan rabies.

Selain itu, hewan liar seperti kelelawar, berang-berang, monyet, rakun, serigala, juga bisa menularkan rabies.

 

Tahapan perkembangan virus rabies

Menurut CDC, virus rabies termasuk dalam ordo Mononegavirales, virus dengan genom RNA untai negatif yang tidak tersegmentasi. Virus ini diklasifikasikan dalam keluarga Rhabdoviridae, yang dibagi lagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu: Lyssavirus, Ephemerovirus, dan Vesiculovirus.

Setelah digigit hewan yang terinfeksi rabies, ada beberapa tahapan perkembangan virus di dalam tubuh yang menunjukkan gejala yang berbeda di setiap tahapannya.

 

Tahap inkubasi

Inkubasi adalah waktu sebelum gejala muncul biasanya berlangsung berminggu-minggu hingga berbulan-bulan dan bervariasi berdasarkan lokasi paparan virus, jenis virus, dan kekebalan tubuh yang dimiliki. Setelah terpapar virus rabies, virus harus melakukan perjalanan ke otak sebelum gejala muncul. Inilah mengapa terkadang orang tidak menyadari bahaya virus rabies.

 

Tahap prodormal

Salah satu gejala paling unik dari infeksi rabies adalah sensasi kesemutan atau kedutan di area sekitar gigitan hewan. Gejala lain yang muncul mungkin lebih mirip dengan gejala flu, di antaranya:

  • Demam tinggi, lebih dari 38 derajat Celcius
  • Sakit kepala
  • Kecemasan
  • Tubuh secara keseluruhan terasa tidak enak
  • Sakit tenggorokan dan batuk
  • Mual dan muntah
  • Rasa tidak nyaman pada bekas gigitan

 

Tahap neurologis akut

Pada tahap ini, gejala neurologis semakin berkembang, di antaranya:

  • Kebingungan dan mudah marah
  • Kelumpuhan sebagian anggota tubuh
  • Kedutan otot yang tidak disengaja
  • Otot leher kaku
  • Kejang
  • Nafas cepat dan kesulitan bernafas
  • Hipersalivasi atau memproduksi banyak air liur
  • Munculnya busa di mulut
  • Hidrofobia atau takut air
  • Halusinasi
  • Mimpi buruk
  • Insomnia
  • Ereksi permanen (pada pria)
  • Fotofobia atau takut cahaya

Melansir CDC, seiring perkembangan penyakitnya orang juga mungkin mengalami delirium, perilaku abnormal, dan halusinasi. Di akhir tahapan ini, pernapasan akan semakin tidak teratur dan tidak konsisten, gejalanya biasanya berakhir setelah 2-10 hari.

 

Tahap koma

Kesulitan bernapas dan pernapasan yang tidak teratur kemudian berkembang menjadi koma. Masuk pada tahapan ini, pengobatan hanya akan bersifat membantu saja.

 

Tahap kematian

Umumnya pasien hanya bertahan selama 3 hari sebelum kemudian meninggal. Dan tercatat kurang dari 20 kasus rabies klinis yang didokumentasikan dapat bertahan hidup.

 

Untuk menurunkan risiko rabies, disarankan agar melakukan vaksinasi pada hewan piaraan dan menjauhkan hewan piaraan dari hewan liar. Apabila Anda mendapatkan gigitan atau jilatan hewan yang berisiko menularkan rabies, pastikan untuk mencuci luka gigitan, memberikan antiseptik dan segera ke puskesmas atau rumah sakit untuk mendapatkan pertolongan selanjutnya.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Senin, 19 Juni 2023 | 07:57

Infodatin Kemenkes RI. Situasi dan Analisis Rabies 2020. Available from: https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/infodatin-rabies-2017.pdf

CDC (2020). What is Rabies?. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/about.html

Mayo Clinic (2021). Rabies. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/rabies/symptoms-causes/syc-20351821

Tim Newman (2021). What you need to know about rabies. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/181980

CDC (2021). What are the signs and symptoms of rabies?. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/symptoms/index.html

 

Cleveland Clinic (2019). Rabies. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/13848-rabies

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 7419
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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