Tes Coombs

Tes Coombs
credits: https://jknurses.in/coombs-test/

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Definisi

Tes Coombs adalah pemeriksaan antibodi yang menyerang sel darah merah. Antibodi adalah protein yang dihasilkan oleh sistem daya tahan tubuh. Normalnya, antibodi berfungsi melawan infeksi bakteri, virus, jamur, atau kondisi lain yang berbahaya dalam tubuh. Antibodi akan melawan dan menghancurkan sel-sel yang masuk dan mengancam tubuh.

Namun, pada kondisi tertentu, yang disebut dengan penyakit autoimun misalnya, antibodi justru menyerang sel tubuh yang sehat seperti sel darah merah. Antibodi tersebut berikatan pada permukaan sel darah merah dan membentuk ikatan yang bernama sistem komplemen. Ikatan inilah yang membuat sel darah merah rusak dan mati.

Keberadaan antibodi yang menyerang sel darah merah sehat pada tubuh dapat dideteksi melalui pemeriksaan Coombs. Pemeriksaan ini terdiri dari 2 jenis, yaitu tes coombs langsung dan tes coombs tidak langsung. Berikut perbedaan keduanya:

  • Tes Coombs langsung: Mendeteksi secara langsung adanya antibodi yang menempel pada sel darah merah dengan menggunakan sampel darah. Biasanya pemeriksaan digunakan untuk membantu dokter menegakkan diagnosis adanya anemia hemolitik (penghancuran sel darah merah berlebihan).
  • Tes Coombs tidak langsung: Mendeteksi antibodi yang tidak menempel pada sel darah merah dan beredar pada sirkulasi darah. Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan sebelum menjalani transfusi darah atau skrining saat kehamilan.

 

Indikasi

Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan untuk membantu dokter menegakkan diagnosis beberapa penyakit dan tujuan tertentu seperti di bawah ini:

  • Penyakit anemia hemolitik
  • Reaksi pasca transfusi darah
  • Obat yang menginduksi terjadi anemia hemolitik
  • Kondisi hemolitik yang terjadi pada bayi baru lahir
  • Lupus eritematosus
  • Untuk skrining darah yang terjadi reaksi autoimun
  • Pemeriksaan sebelum transfusi darah
  • Skrining pada ibu hamil

 

Kontraindikasi

Tidak ada kondisi medis tertentu yang menjadi kontraindikasi pemeriksaan ini.

 

Persiapan Sebelum Pemeriksaan

Tidak terdapat persiapan yang perlu Anda lakukan sebelum pemeriksaan. Namun, sebaiknya Anda minum cukup banyak air supaya sampel darah yang diambil dari pembuluh darah mudah dan cukup. Selain itu, sebaiknya Anda juga konsultasikan obat yang sedang dikonsumsi kepada dokter.

 

Prosedur Pemeriksaan

Pemeriksaan menggunakan sampel darah yang diambil dari pembuluh darah vena. Petugas akan menentukan lokasi pengambilan sampel darah yang biasanya dilakukan di lipatan lengan. Lalu, darah akan diambil sekitar 0.3-0.5 mL sesuai dengan kebutuhan.

Sampel darah akan diperiksa di laboratorium menggunakan alat khusus.

 

Nilai Normal dan Abnormal

Pemeriksaan ini menggunakan reagen kimia yang direaksikan dengan sampel darah. Selanjutnya, diamati adanya reaksi penggumpalan atau tidak pada sampel darah. Hasil pemeriksaan dapat berupa negatif atau positif  baik pada pemeriksaan coombs secara langsung atau coombs yang tidak langsung seperti pada tabel di bawah ini:

 

Tes Coombs Langsung

Tes Coombs Tidak Langsung

Negatif (normal)

Tidak ada antibodi yang menempel pada sel darah merah

Tidak terdapat antibodi yang terdapat pada sirkulasi darah

Positif

Terdapat antibodi yang menempel pada sel darah merah

Terdapat antibodi pada sirkulasi darah

 

Hasil dan Saran (Pemeriksaan Lanjutan)

Apabila hasil tes coombs negatif, artinya tidak terdapat antibodi yang berikatan dengan sel darah merah dan Anda. Dokter mungkin akan merekomendasikan pemeriksaan lainnya sesuai gejala Anda untuk mengetahui penyebab lain dari kondisi Anda. Bila Anda melakukan tes coombs sebagai bagian dari skrining kesehatan dan tidak bergejala, hal ini dapat menunjukkan bahwa Anda dalam kondisi sehat.

Jika hasil tes coombs positif, maka kondisi ini menunjukkan adanya antibodi yang berikatan dengan permukaan sel darah merah (pada tes coombs langsung) atau adanya antibodi dalam sirkulasi darah (pada tes coombs tidak langsung). Jika hasil positif terdapat pada tes coombs langsung, maka kondisi ini mungkin disebabkan oleh penyakit seperti autoimun, reaksi pasca transfusi, eritroblastosis fetalis (perbedaan sel darah merah ibu dan bayi), infeksi lain yang menimbulkan antibodi tidak normal (seperti HIV, malaria, atau sifilis), atau riwayat penggunaan obat tertentu.

Dokter mungkin akan merekomendasikan pemeriksaan lainnya untuk menunjang diagnosis, seperti pemeriksaan darah lengkap, pemeriksaan faktor rhesus, pemeriksaan anti-HIV dan pemeriksaan antibodi terhadap sifilis.

Sedangkan, hasil positif yang ditemukan pada tes coombs tidak langsung dapat menunjukkan beberapa kondisi. Misalnya, jika Anda melakukan transfusi, maka hasil tes coombs yang positif dapat membantu dokter berhati-hati dalam memiliki darah donor untuk Anda. Sedangkan, hasil positif yang terjadi selama kehamilan menunjukkan adanya ketidakcocokan antara sel darah merah ibu dan janin. Kondisi dapat menimbulkan beberapa komplikasi pada janin, kehamilan dan proses kelahiran.

 

Konsultasikan Ke Dokter yang Tepat

Hasil tes coombs langsung atau tidak langsung yang positif  menunjukkan adanya antibodi yang beredar dalam tubuh Anda yang bersifat menyerang tubuh. Hal ini dapat disebabkan beberapa kondisi medis tertentu yang perlu diketahui penyebabnya. Oleh karena itu, Anda sebaiknya berkonsultasi kepada dokter umum atau dokter penyakit dalam terdekat untuk konfirmasi hasil pemeriksaan dan mengetahui penyebab pastinya.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : dr Luluk Ummaimah A
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 08:04

Theis, SR., & Hashmi, MF. (2022). Coombs Test (p. A single page). StatPearls Publishing.

Coombs Test  – Cleveland Clinic. (2022). Retrieved 6 August 2022, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diagnostics/22978-coombs-test

Coombs’ Test  – John Hopkins Lupus Center. (2022). Retrieved 6 August 2022, from https://www.hopkinslupus.org/lupus-tests/clinical-tests/coombs-test/

The Coombs’ Test  – Standford Medicine. (2022). Retrieved 6 August 2022, from https://med.stanford.edu/newborns/professional-education/jaundice-and-phototherapy/the-coombs--test.html

Rath, L. (2021). What Is a Coombs Test?. WebMD. Retrieved 6 August 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/antibody-coombs-test

Coombs Test – mountsinai. (2022). Retrieved 6 August 2022, from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/coombs-test

Christine, C. (2022). Coombs Test. Healthline. Retrieved 6 August 2022, from https://www.healthline.com/health/coombs-test#results

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      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 4563
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-24 23:27:26
      • 8: 2025-04-24 23:27:26
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:779
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new740μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 38 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 38
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.65msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2707 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2707
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.33msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9588 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9588
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.64msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1854 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1854
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.16msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4717 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4717
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.83msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6103 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6103
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.64msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9303 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9303
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.3msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1804 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1804
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.88msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7227 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7227
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.78msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6342 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6342
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.72msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7313 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7313
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.87msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7302 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7302
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new670μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    159Post.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
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