You may have seen television reports about children who like to eat unusual, non-food things, such as crayons, chalk, paper, soil, hair, or even their own feces. This is not related to anything mystical. In medicine, this behavior is recognized as an eating disorder called pica.

Pica can occur not only in children but also in adults. For example, some pregnant women report cravings for non-food substances like glue or metal.

What is Pica?

Pica is an eating disorder marked by persistent consumption of non-food materials, such as wall chips, dirt, soil, and paper. Children with pica tend to eat items that provide no true nutritional value. The condition is more frequently seen in children with developmental challenges, including those on the autism spectrum.

It is important to note that this is different from the normal exploratory behavior of infants and toddlers under age 3 who often put objects in their mouths.

Causes of Pica

Doctors do not yet know the exact cause of pica in children. Even so, experts observe higher rates among children with autism, children with OCD or schizophrenia, and children who are malnourished or food insecure. This suggests several possible contributors:

• Developmental or intellectual conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder

• Mental health disorders, including schizophrenia or OCD

• Nutrient deficiencies, for example low iron or zinc

• Stressors linked to past abuse or living in poverty

Is Pica Dangerous?

Eating non-food materials can carry serious medical risks, including poisoning, parasitic infection, intestinal blockage, and choking. If you suspect pica in your child, seek urgent medical care right away.

Treatments for Pica

If a clinician suspects pica, they may order tests such as blood work, intestinal assessments, or screenings for toxins. Before confirming the diagnosis, the doctor will also evaluate for other conditions that can underlie the behavior, such as developmental disorders, intellectual disability, OCD, or related issues.

Management focuses first on complications caused by pica itself, including constipation, diarrhea, infections, nutritional shortages, and toxic exposures.

Because pica can resemble other eating disorders, such as bulimia, your child may be referred to a child psychiatrist for further evaluation and care.

Helping a child with pica can be challenging. Success usually depends on a strong partnership between parents and healthcare providers. Supervise your child closely, especially if they begin to hide and secretly consume non-food items.

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