HBV DNA Kuantitatif

HBV DNA Kuantitatif
Pemeriksaan HBV DNA. Foto via uwaterloo.ca

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Definisi

Pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif mengukur jumlah DNA virus hepatitis B yang terdapat dalam darah pasien. DNA adalah materi genetik di dalam virus yang berperan penting dalam perkembangbiakan dan fungsi virus. Semakin banyak materi genetik virus yang terdeteksi maka bisa dikatakan bahwa semakin banyak jumlah virus yang terdapat di dalam tubuh.

Hepatitis adalah penyakit peradangan pada hati yang dapat disebabkan oleh berbagai hal, salah satunya virus. Terdapat beberapa jenis hepatitis, dan hepatitis B adalah jenis hepatitis yang disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis B (HBV). Penyakit ini dapat menyebabkan infeksi secara akut (jangka pendek) atau kronis (jangka panjang).

Infeksi hepatitis B akut terjadi dalam waktu kurang dari 6 bulan. Jika tubuh tidak dapat mengeliminasi virus dalam jangka waktu tersebut, maka infeksi bisa berubah menjadi kronis. Infeksi hepatitis B yang tidak diobati dapat menyebabkan kerusakan hati dan kanker. Dokter akan melakukan beberapa pemeriksaan darah untuk menentukan status infeksi hepatitis B. Salah satu pemeriksaan yang bisa dilakukan adalah pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif atau dikenal juga dengan istilah pemeriksaan viral load.

Pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif dilakukan dengan teknik PCR (polymerase chain reaction, reaksi rantai polimerase) yang rumit dan memiliki akurasi tinggi. Pemeriksaan ini memberikan informasi penting mengenai status infeksi pasien, namun interpretasi hasil perlu dikaitkan dengan hasil pemeriksaan lain yang berhubungan dengan peradangan hati. Kadar virus dalam penderita hepatitis B bervariasi tergantung pada fase infeksi sehingga bagi pasien hepatitis B, pemeriksaan ini penting dilakukan secara berkala. Hasil pemeriksaan dinyatakan dalam satuan international units per milliliter (IU/mL) atau copies per milliliter (cp/mL).

 

Bila Anda tertarik untuk membaca lebih lanjut mengenai hepatitis B, Anda bisa membacanya di sini: Hepatitis B.

 

Indikasi

Secara umum, pemeriksaan hepatitis B diindikasikan pada pasien yang menunjukkan tanda dan gejala hepatitis, baik pada kondisi akut atau kronis. Pemeriksaan juga bisa menjadi indikasi pada individu yang tidak memiliki gejala namun berkemungkinan terpapar virus hepatitis B.

Pemeriksaan awal yang dilakukan untuk skrining atau diagnosis hepatitis B adalah pemeriksaan bernama HBsAG (antigen permukaan hepatitis B). Jika hasilnya positif, maka untuk menentukan status infeksi pasien bisa dilanjutkan dengan beberapa pemeriksaan lainnya, termasuk pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif.

Selain untuk mengetahui status infeksi pasien hepatitis B kronis, pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif juga dapat dilakukan untuk memantau keberhasilan pengobatan. Pada saat pasien baru terdiagnosis, pemeriksaan dilakukan setiap 3 bulan hingga virus tidak terdeteksi pada dua pemeriksaan berturut-turut. Pemeriksaan kemudian dilakukan setiap 6 bulan. Evaluasi keberhasilan pengobatan penting dilakukan untuk memastikan apakah antivirus bekerja dengan baik. Antivirus akan merusak DNA virus sehingga menghambat perkembangbiakkan virus dan menurunkan kadar virus yang ada di dalam darah.

Pemeriksaan hepatitis B juga dilakukan pada wanita hamil. Wanita hamil dengan HBV DNA kuantitatif lebih dari 200.000 IU/mL membutuhkan terapi antivirus pada trimester ketiga kehamilan untuk menurunkan risiko infeksi pada bayi yang dikandungnya.

 

Kontraindikasi

Pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitaif aman untuk dilakukan dengan sedikit risiko dan efek samping. Pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan ini dapat menimbulkan rasa nyeri dan memar pada daerah suntikan. Tidak terdapat kontraindikasi khusus untuk pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif.

 

Persiapan Sebelum Pemeriksaan

Tidak terdapat persiapan khusus yang perlu dilakukan sebelum melakukan pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif. Dokter bisa bertanya mengenai gejala yang mungkin Anda rasakan, riwayat penyakit serta pengobatan Anda.

 

Prosedur Pemeriksaan

Pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel darah dari pembuluh darah vena yang berada di tangan atau lengan. Area tempat pengambilan darah akan dibersihkan menggunakan antiseptik. Kain elastis digunakan untuk memberi tekanan di atas area yang akan ditusuk sehingga pembuluh darah terlihat lebih jelas. Jarum steril akan dimasukkan ke dalam pembuluh darah untuk mengambil sampel. Setelah itu, kain elastis akan dilepaskan dan jarum ditarik keluar dari pembuluh darah.

 

Nilai Normal dan Abnormal

Virus hepatitis B akan terdeteksi dengan jumlah yang berbeda-beda tergantung pada fase infeksi.

  1. Fase imunotoleransi

Pada fase ini virus hepatitis B bereproduksi dengan cepat di dalam tubuh sehingga menyebabkan kadar virus yang tinggi dalam darah. Jumlah virus mencapai jutaan bahkan miliaran IU/mL tanpa kerusakan hati yang bermakna. Ketika sistem kekebalan tubuh sudah menghasilkan antibodi, maka kadar virus akan menurun.

  1. Fase imunoaktif

Fase ini ditandai kadar virus hepatitis B yang naik-turun, umumnya lebih besar atau sama dengan 20.000 IU/mL

  1. Status pembawa inaktif

Sebagian besar penderita hepatitis B merupakan pembawa virus inaktif yang ditandai kadar virus kurang dari 2.000 IU/mL atau tidak terdeteksi.

  1. Fase reaktivasi

Pada fase ini terjadi reaktivasi kembali virus hepatitis B yang ditandai peningkatan enzim hati dan kadar virus di atas 2.000 IU/mL.

Pada pemeriksaan ini, hasil tes dianggap normal bila tidak terdeteksi virus hepatitis B. Sebaliknya, hasil dikatakan abnormal bila ditemukan virus hepatitis B di sampel darah.

 

Hasil dan Saran (Pemeriksaan Lanjutan)

Hasil pemeriksaan normal adalah tidak terdeteksi, yang menunjukkan bahwa seseorang tidak mengalami infeksi hepatitis B, infeksi yang terjadi kemungkinan sudah teratasi oleh sistem imun tubuh, atau infeksi yang sudah teratasi dengan pengobatan. Hasil dikatakan abnormal bila terdeteksi virus hepatitis B dalam jumlah tertentu dari sampel darah. Penegakan diagnosis hepatitis B dan status infeksi tidak dapat dilakukan hanya dengan pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif. Dokter akan menginterpretasikan hasil pemeriksaan Anda sesuai dengan tanda dan gejala yang Anda rasakan serta hasil pemeriksaan penunjang lainnya.

 

Konsultasikan ke Dokter yang Tepat

Perlu diingat bahwa pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif memang memberikan informasi yang penting, namun hasilnya tetap perlu diinterpretasikan bersama dengan hasil pemeriksaan lainnya. Konsultasikan hasil pemeriksaan HBV DNA kuantitatif dengan dokter spesialis penyakit dalam subspesialis gastroentero-hepatologi.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Arifin Muhammad Siregar
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Minggu, 31 Desember 2023 | 22:00

Hepatitis B Foundation: Additional Hepatitis B Blood Tests. (n.d.). Retrieved from: https://www.hepb.org/prevention-and-diagnosis/diagnosis/other-tests/.

UpToDate. (n.d.). Retrieved February 11, 2023, from https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hepatitis-b-virus-overview-of-management.

U.S. National Library of Medicine. (n.d..). Venipuncture: Medlineplus medical encyclopedia. MedlinePlus. Retrieved February 11, 2023, from https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003423.htm.

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • WebController.php#779aicare_prod_new9.33msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 846 where `id` = 6469
      Bindings
      • 0: 846
      • 1: 6469
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:779
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new4.33msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 6469, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-09 23:21:03', '2025-04-09 23:21:03')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 6469
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-09 23:21:03
      • 8: 2025-04-09 23:21:03
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:779
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new1.08msselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 45 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 45
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.38msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3824 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3824
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.52msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3796 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3796
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.18msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3122 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3122
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.46msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4299 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4299
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.31msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5032 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5032
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.33msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7405 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7405
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.21msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1616 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1616
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.65msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2404 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2404
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.38msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2219 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 2219
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.24msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4867 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4867
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.67msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4698 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4698
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new650μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new910μsselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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