Cara Mudah Mencegah Penularan Malaria

Cara Mudah Mencegah Penularan Malaria
Credit: Pexels. Ilustrasi nyamuk Anopheles sedang menggigit manusia

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Malaria adalah penyakit infeksi yang disebabkan oleh parasit dan ditularkan melalui gigitan nyamuk. Di Indonesia, tren kasus malaria mulai menurun sejak 2010-2020, namun di beberapa negara Afrika sub-Sahara seperti Ghana, Kenya dan Malawi, kasus Malaria masih cukup tinggi dan sebagian besar menyebabkan kematian pada anak-anak berusia balita. Untuk itu, pencegahan malaria masih diperlukan di beberapa negara yang masih memiliki kasus malaria.

 

Apa itu Malaria?

Malaria adalah penyakit berbahaya yang disebabkan oleh parasit Plasmodium. Parasit ini umumnya menular melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles. Ketika Anda digigit nyamuk Anopheles yang terinfeksi Plasmodium, parasit akan masuk ke dalam aliran darah, berkembang di organ hati dan mulai menginfeksi sel darah merah.

Gejala malaria yang paling sering muncul umumnya mirip flu seperti demam, sakit kepala dan muntah. Jika tidak segera ditangani, malaria dapat menyebabkan komplikasi berbahaya seperti anemia (kekurangan darah), hipoglikemia (kekurangan gula darah) dan malaria serebral (malaria yang menyerang otak) yang dapat menyebabkan kematian.

 

Tips Pencegahan Malaria

Cara terbaik untuk mencegah malaria adalah dengan melindungi diri dari gigitan nyamuk dan menghindari bepergian ke daerah yang memiliki kasus malaria tinggi. Di Indonesia beberapa wilayah endemik malaria di antaranya Papua, Maluku, dan NTT.

Nyamuk Anopheles umumnya aktif sejak pagi hari hingga matahari terbenam. Nyamuk ini menyukai air bersih yang belum terkena polusi dan banyak ditemukan di genangan air sisa hujan, sungai, awah, dan air terbuka dengan tumbuhan seperti rawa-rawa atau hutan mangrove. Jika Anda bepergian ke daerah yang rawan nyamuk Anopheles, dianjurkan untuk melakukan langkah pencegahan, terutama jika kasus malaria sedang meningkat.

Dilansir Kemenkes RI, beberapa cara yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah malaria di antaranya:

1. Memasang kawat kasa dan kelambu anti nyamuk

Jika Anda tinggal di daerah yang berisiko tinggi menularkan nyamuk malaria, maka dianjurkan memasang kawat kasa antinyamuk di area ventilasi agar nyamuk tidak masuk ke dalam rumah. Untuk meningkatkan perlindungan, Anda juga dapat memasang kelambu antinyamuk di kamar tidur.

Baca juga: Beda Nyamuk Penyebab Demam Berdarah dan Malaria

2. Mengoleskan obat antinyamuk

Apabila Anda bepergian ke area yang berisiko menularkan malaria, dianjurkan untuk mengoleskan obat antinyamuk pada kulit yang terekspos udara bebas. Obat antinyamuk yang dianjurkan adalah obat yang mengandung DEET (diethyltoluamide) yang aman bagi kulit. Namun Anda perlu menghindari penggunaan antinyamuk ini pada wajah anak-anak, tangan dan kulit yang mengalami iritasi atau luka.

Untuk anak-anak, Anda dapat memilih obat antinyamuk yang mengandung DEET tidak lebih dari 30% dan gunakan obat dengan konsentrasi lebih rendah jika anak-anak hanya berada di luar rumah dalam 1-2 jam. Setelah anak-anak selesai beraktivitas di luar, segera cuci kaki dan tangan anak dengan sabun serta air mengalir dan cuci bersih baju yang baru saja digunakan unuk beraktivitas.

3. Menggunakan pakaian lengan panjang

Selain menggunakan obat antinyamuk, Anda juga dianjurkan untuk mengenakan pakaian lengan panjang ketika beraktivitas.

4. Membersihkan tempat yang berpotensi menjadi sarang nyamuk

Nyamuk Anopheles dapat berkembang di area genangan air di rumah maupun di air terbuka dengan tumbuhan seperti rawa-rawa, genangan air hujan dan hutan mangrove. Untuk di rumah, Anda dapat mengurangi risiko penularan malaria dengan mencegah timbulnya genangan air dan menebarkan ikan pemakan jentik. Selain itu, Anda juga dianjurkan untuk tidak menggantung pakaian yang sudah dipakai di dalam kamar karena tempat tersebut juga digemari nyamuk.

5. Mengonsumsi obat antimalaria dan menerima vaksin malaria

Jika Anda bepergian ke daerah dimana kasus malaria meningkat, dokter dapat menyarankan Anda untuk mengonsumsi obat antimalaria atau memberikan vaksin malaria pada anak-anak. Untuk saat ini pemberian vaksin malaria masih diprioritaskan bagi negara-negara Afrika dengan kasus tinggi dan belum bisa diberikan di Indonesia.


Malaria adalah penyakit yang berbahaya jika tidak ditangani dengan serius. Diharapkan dengan adanya upaya pencegahan yang tepat dapat menurunkan angka kasus malaria. Bila Anda bepergian ke lokasi endemik malaria dan mulai merasakan gejala malaria sebaiknya segera periksakan diri ke dokter.

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Rabu, 12 April 2023 | 23:34

Direktorat Jenderal Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kemenkes RI. (2021). Hari Malaria Sedunia Tahun 2021. Available from: http://p2p.kemkes.go.id/hari-malaria-sedunia-tahun-2021/#

Sehat Negeriku Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2021). Tren Kasus Malaria Menurun. Available from: https://sehatnegeriku.kemkes.go.id/baca/rilis-media/20210423/3337549/tren-kasus-malaria-menurun/

Cleveland Clinic. Malaria. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15014-malaria

Lam, P. (2022). What to Know about Malaria. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/150670

WHO. (2022). Malaria. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/malaria

CDC. Biology. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/biology/index.html

 

Hirsch, L. Are Insect Repellents With DEET Safe for Kids?. Available from: https://kidshealth.org/en/parents/repellent.html#

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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