Pewarnaan Difteri

Pewarnaan Difteri
Difteri merupakan infeksi menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Corynebacterium diphtheriae.

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Definisi

Difteri merupakan infeksi menular yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Bakteri tersebut melepaskan racun atau toksin yang dapat menyebabkan penumpukan pada lapisan tipis berwarna abu abu pada tenggorokan dan menyebabkan kesulitan dalam menelan atau bernapas. Dalam waktu 2 atau 3 hari, jaringan yang terkena toksin dari bakteri tersebut akan membentuk gumpalan, tertutup area abu-abu. Lapisan tertutup ini dapat menyebabkan peradangan pada pita suara, sakit tenggorokan, hidung dan tonsil. Pada pasien yang terinfeksi dapat mengalami kesulitan bernapas atau menelan.

Difteri memiliki 2 tipe utama, yaitu difteri pernapasan klasik dan difteri kutan. Difteri pernapasan klasik merupakan tipe difteri yang paling umum dan memengaruhi hidung, pernapasan, tonsil atau laring (pita suara). Sedangkan difteri kutan merupakan tipe difteri langka dengan ciri-ciri adanya ruam pada kulit. Difteri mudah menular melalui droplet di udara atau melalui barang pribadi pasien.

Dokter akan menegakkan diagnosis difteri berdasarkan gejala dan hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium. Salah satu pemeriksaan yang dilakukan yaitu pemeriksaan adanya bakteri difteri pada sampel yang telah diambil. Bila dokter merasa Anda memiliki gejala, biasanya akan dilakukan pengobatan difteri segera (terkadang sebelum hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium keluar). Dokter akan meresepkan antitoksin difteri untuk mencegah kerusakan organ, dan antibiotik seperti penisilin atau eritromisin untuk melawan infeksi.

Pada pasien dengan difteri biasanya akan dipisahkan dari yang lain untuk mencegah terjadinya infeksi. Pasien difteri tidak akan menularkan bakteri tersebut sekitar 48 jam setelah mengkonsumsi antibiotik. Setelah pengobatan berakhir, pemeriksaan laboratorium akan kembali dilakukan untuk memastikan bakteri telah hilang. Setelah bakter tersebut hilang, pasien akan mendapatkan vaksin untuk mencegah infeksi di masa mendatang.

 

Indikasi

Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan bila dokter menemukan gejala difteri seperti adanya membran keabu-abuan gelap yang menutupi tenggorokan dan tonsil, ada sakit tenggorokan, serak, pembengkakan pada kelenjar di leher, kesulitan bernapas atau napas cepat, demam dan mengigil, kelelahan.

Pada beberapa kasus, infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri difteri biasanya menunjukkan gejala ringan atau tidak ada gejala. Selain itu, pemeriksaan ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui keberhasilan pengobatan atau sembuh tidaknya seseorang dari difteri. Pemeriksaan pewarnaan difteri dilakukan pada awal diagnosis dan setelah menjalani pengobatan.

 

Kontraindikasi

Pemeriksaan pewarnaan difteri dapat dianggap aman dan risiko terkait sedang. Tidak ada kontraindikasi khusus terkait pemeriksaan pewarnaan difteri. Pemeriksaan ini menggunakan sampel usap tenggorokan.

 

Persiapan sebelum Pemeriksaan

Pemeriksaan pewarnaan difteri tidak membutuhkan persiapan khusus. Bila Anda menjalani pemeriksaan lain, maka Anda akan diminta untuk berpuasa beberapa jam sebelum pemeriksaan dilakukan. Informasikan pada dokter terkait obat-obatan atau vitamin yang Anda konsumsi. 

 

Prosedur Pemeriksaan

Pemeriksaan pewarnaan difteri menggunakan sampel yang diambil dari tenggorokan, seperti pada umumnya meliputi dahak, lendir, bersin, cairan mata berair dan cairan lainnya dari tenggorokan. Petugas akan menggunakan peralatan khusus dan alat pelindung diri sesuai dengan standar seperti masker dan pelindung mata. Sebagai tambahan, petugas yang mengambil sampel juga telah divaksin dan telah diberikan booster difteri.

Sampel pewarnaan difteri diambil dengan melakukan pengusapan dari tenggorokan atau saluran pernapasan atau bagian tenggorokan yang sakit. Dari sampel tersebut, petugas akan mengisolasi bakteri dan diberikan pewarnaan agar dapat terlihat di bawah mikroskop. Sampel tersebut akan diberikan pewarna khusus untuk memberikan warna pada dinding bakteri sehingga dapat dibedakan bakteri difteri dengan bakteri lainnya.

Hasil pemeriksaan ini akan keluar dalam waktu 2 sampai 3 hari. Semua sampel yang telah diambil harus segera diproses untuk pemeriksaan atau disimpan pada suhu penyimpanan 4-8 derajat celcius bila terjadi penundaan.

 

Nilai Normal dan Abnormal

Nilai normal pewarnaan difteri umumnya berupa hasil negatif, sedangkan nilai abnormal berupa hasil positif.

 

Hasil dan Saran (Pemeriksaan Lanjutan)

Normal

Hasil pewarnaan difteri dengan hasil negatif dapat menunjukkan tidak adanya infeksi difteri. Pertahankan kesehatan Anda dengan mengonsumsi gizi yang seimbang, aktivitas fisik yang cukup dan pemeriksaan kesehatan rutin. Namun, perlu diperhatikan hasil pewarnaan difteri memiliki sensitifitas yang rendah sehingga memungkinkan adanya negatif palsu.

 

Abnormal

Hasil pewarnaan difteri dengan hasil positif menunjukkan bahwa adanya bakteri Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Bila Anda menerima hasil ini, dokter akan menyarankan untuk dilakukan segera pengobatan terutama bila terjadi kesulitan bernapas.

 

Konsultasikan ke Dokter yang Tepat

Bila hasil pewarnaan difteri positif, Anda dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter umum untuk mendapatkan diagnosis dan terapi yang sesuai serta pemeriksaan lanjutan bila dirasa perlu dalam penegakan diagnosis. Anda juga dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter spesialis penyakit dalam terkait kondisi Anda. Pada pasien anak-anak, dokter spesialis anak dapat memberikan informasi dan terapi yang lebih detail.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Kevin Luke
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Selasa, 22 Agustus 2023 | 08:27

Diphtheria. (2022). Retrieved 16 May 2023, from https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/17870-diphtheria

Diphtheria. (2023). Retrieved 16 May 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/diphtheria/index.html

Diphtheria. (2022). Retrieved 16 May 2023, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK560911/

Diphtheria. (2022). Retrieved 16 May 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/diphtheria/symptoms-causes/syc-20351897 

Diphtheria. (2022). Retrieved 16 May 2023, from https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/diphtheria/

Diphtheria. (2022). Retrieved 16 May 2023, from https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/782051-overview 

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.67msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5008 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5008
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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