Kenali Tanda-Tanda Autisme pada Anak Usia 3 Tahun

Kenali Tanda-Tanda Autisme pada Anak Usia 3 Tahun
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Gangguan spektrum autisme atau dikenal dengan istilah autisme umumnya telah dialami oleh anak-anak sejak dini, dan gejalanya bisa diamati sejak tahun pertama usia anak. Sayangnya tidak semua orang tua menyadari gejalanya.

Sejumlah anak kecil bisa tampak normal di tahun pertamanya, kemudian setelah melewati usia 18-24 bulan gejala autisme semakin berkembang. Meskipun tidak ada obat untuk jenis gangguan ini, namun perawatan intensif yang diperoleh sejak dini dapat membuat perbedaan besar dalam kehidupan mereka.

 

Apa itu Gangguan Spektrum Autisme?

Autisme bukanlah gangguan mental. Autisme termasuk dalam salah satu gangguan perkembangan saraf yang lebih umum, yang ditandai dengan adanya tantangan dengan interaksi sosial, komunikasi dan fleksibilitas dalam berpikir dan berperilaku.

Anak dengan autisme mungkin mengalami kesulitan dalam berhubungan dengan orang-orang di sekitarnya, menjalin persahabatan dan berkenalan dengan orang baru serta memahami perasaan orang lain. Autisme juga mencakup pola perilaku yang terbatas dan berulang, sedangkan istilah spektrum yang mengikuti di belakangnya mengacu pada berbagai gejala dan tingkat keparahannya.

Menurut penelitian, gangguan spektrum autisme memengaruhi sekitar 1 dari 59 anak. Gejala perilaku sering berkembang pada usia dini, di mana penelitian menunjukkan bahwa orang tua cenderung sudah bisa mengenali tandanya sejak tahun pertama usia anak. Pun demikian, CDC melaporkan bahwa kebanyakan anak dengan autisme baru menerima diagnosis setelah usia 4 tahun.

 

Tanda-Tanda Autisme pada Anak Usia 3 Tahun

Jika orang tua kesulitan mengenali tanda-tanda autisme pada tahun pertama usianya, tanda-tanda ini akan lebih mudah dikenali saat anak berusia 3 tahun.

Lingkup Sosial

  • Dalam hal sosialisasi anak dengan autisme memiliki kecenderungan di antaranya:
  • Bermain sendiri
  • Tidak tertarik untuk bersosialisasi dengan teman
  • Menolak berbagi mainan dengan anak lain
  • Tidak mengerti konsep bermain bergiliran
  • Tidak menanggapi apabila ada yang memanggil nama mereka
  • Tidak mengerti permainan pretend play atau pura-pura

Ekspresi Emosi

Anak dengan autisme memiliki serangkaian pengalaman emosi, namun mereka mengekspresikan dengan cara yang berbeda dibandingkan anak seusianya, di antaranya:

  • Mengalami kesulitan mendiskusikan atau mengekspresikan perasaan mereka
  • Mengalami kesulitan memahami perasaan orang lain
  • Tidak mudah ditenangkan atau dihibur
  • Membuat ekspresi wajah yang tidak cocok dengan perasaannya
  • Menghindari kontak fisik dengan orang lain
  • Menjadi kaku saat dipeluk
  • Tidak menunjukkan emosi ketika melihat orang tua menjauh

Lingkup Komunikasi

Anak dengan autisme di usia 3 tahun menunjukkan kesulitan berkomunikasi, di antaranya:

  • Menunjukkan keterlambatan atau kemunduran dalam berbicara dan berbahasa
  • Berbicara dengan nada datar
  • Tidak berbicara sama sekali
  • Menghindari kontak mata
  • Tidak ekspresif
  • Tidak menjawab pertanyaan dengan benar
  • Mengulangi perkataan orang lain
  • Menggunakan kata atau frasa yang berulang-ulang yang disebut dengan echolalia
  • Menggunakan kata ganti yang salah misalnya kamu bukan aku
  • Tidak bisa melakukan gerakan seperti melambai atau menunjuk
  • Tidak mengerti becandaan yang sesuai dengan usianya

Perilaku

Anak dengan autisme di usia 3 tahun biasanya mengulang perilaku di antaranya seperti:

  • Mengepakkan tangannya berulang
  • Gemar berputar-putar
  • Gemar mondar mandir
  • Tampak terpesona dengan mainan atau aktivitas tertentu
  • Memiliki perilaku obsesif
  • Membariskan mainan dengan cara yang teratur
  • Menjadi hiperaktif dalam situasi tertentu
  • Memiliki rentang perhatian yang pendek
  • Bersikeras melakukan rutinitas tertentu
  • Menunjukkan kemarahan ketika seseorang mengganggu rutinitas mereka

 

Demikianlah tanda-tanda autisme yang bisa Anda amati pada anak usia 3 tahun. Apabila sebagian besar tanda telah ditemukan pada anak balita Anda, jangan menunda untuk mendapatkan perawatan dan pengobatan untuknya. Bawa anak ke dokter anak dan biarkan dokter memeriksa dan memberikan rujukan agar anak mendapatkan serangkaian terapi untuknya. Anda mungkin juga harus mengikuti pola diet ketat untuknya, yang dapat membantu mengelola gejala yang muncul.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 03:44

Jayne Leonard (2021). What are the symptoms of autism in a 3-year-old?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/325736

Mayo Clinic (2018). Autism spectrum disorder. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928

CDC (2022). Signs and Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/signs.html

Lisa Jo Rudy (2022). What Is the Best Treatment for Autism?. Available from: https://www.verywellhealth.com/the-best-treatment-for-autism-4585131

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      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.01msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4180 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new10.08msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3156 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
      • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.25msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9980 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
        Bindings
        • 0: 9980
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        • 0: 9738
        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
        • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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        Backtrace
        • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      App\Models\Admin\Post
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