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  • Episiotomi atau Menggunting Vagina saat Melahirkan, Kapan Harus Dilakukan?

Episiotomi atau Menggunting Vagina saat Melahirkan, Kapan Harus Dilakukan?

Episiotomi atau Menggunting Vagina saat Melahirkan, Kapan Harus Dilakukan?

Bagikan :


Prosedur episiotomi atau gunting vagina merupakan tindakan yang hampir selalu dilakukan pada ibu hamil yang menjalani persalinan pervaginam. Pada awalnya, episiotomi selalu dilakukan karena dianggap lebih aman bagi ibu hamil jika dibandingkan dengan robekan alami perineum. Namun seiring dengan berkembangnya penelitian, prosedur episiotomi kini hanya dilakukan pada kondisi tertentu.

 

Apa itu episiotomi?

Episiotomi adalah pembedahan kecil yang dilakukan selama persalinan melalui vagina. Pembedahan ini dilakukan dengan menyayat area di antara vagina dengan rektum (perineum) saat melahirkan. Sayatan ini dibutuhkan untuk memperbesar lubang vagina sehingga proses persalinan menjadi lebih mudah dan cepat. Selain itu, prosedur episiotomi juga dilakukan untuk mencegah komplikasi dan terjadinya robekan perineum yang lebih lebar.

Episiotomi umumnya dilakukan ketika persalinan memasuki tahap kedua atau sebelum kepala bayi dilahirkan. Setelah bayi dan plasenta keluar, maka dokter akan segera melakukan jahitan untuk memperbaiki robekan.

 

Kondisi yang diperlukan untuk episiotomi

Episiotomi telah menjadi tradisi dalam prosedur persalinan normal. Namun kini episiotomi sudah tidak menjadi prosedur wajib saat persalinan dan hanya dilakukan ketika ibu hamil mengalami kondisi berikut ini:

  • Bayi berukuran sangat besar sehingga persalinan berjalan sangat lama
  • Distosia bahu, yaitu kondisi kegawatdaruratan medis dimana kepala bayi sudah berhasil keluar, namun bahu bayi masih tersangkut di tulang panggul
  • Bayi berada dalam posisi sungsang, melintang atau memiliki posisi kepala yang tidak normal
  • Denyut jantung bayi tidak stabil selama proses kelahiran. Apabila bayi mengalami penurunan detak jantung secara drastis maka kondisi ini termasuk kondisi gawat janin (fetal distress) dan harus dilakukan episiotomi untuk mengeluarkan bayi dengan segera demi menghindari risiko kematian pada bayi
  • Kelahiran bayi membutuhkan bantuan alat seperti forsep atau ekstraksi vakum sehingga dokter perlu melebarkan jalan lahir dengan episiotomi
  • Kelahiran bayi sudah dekat namun perineum belum melebar
  • Ibu hamil pernah mengalami kecelakaan atau bedah perineal sebelumnya
  • Proses persalinan bayi sudah berlangsung cukup lama sehingga membahayakan ibu dan bayi apabila bayi tidak segera dilahirkan
  • Adanya kemungkinan vagina mengalami robekan yang lebih panjang jika tidak dilakukan episiotomi

Episiotomi umumnya dialami oleh ibu hamil yang baru pertama kali mengalami persalinan, namun tidak semua ibu harus menjalani episiotomi pada persalinan pertamanya. Apabila ibu tidak mengalami kondisi di atas, tidak dianjurkan untuk menjalani persalinan dengan episiotomi. Jika episiotomi tetap dilakukan tanpa alasan yang kuat, maka hal ini akan memperpanjang masa pemulihan ibu setelah persalinan.

 

Risiko episiotomi

Seperti halnya tindakan medis pada umumnya, episiotomi merupakan prosedur bedah yang memiliki risiko seperti infeksi, munculnya robekan yang lebih panjang dibandingkan robekan alami, dan nyeri saat berhubungan intim beberapa bulan setelah melahirkan.

Untuk sayatan episiotomi vertikal atau sayatan median umumnya lebih mudah diperbaiki namun memiliki risiko tinggi untuk melebar ke daerah anus. Sedangkan untuk sayatan yang menyerong dari ujung vagina bawah (mediolateral) mampu melindungi dari robekan panjang yang memengaruhi area anus, namun seringkali terasa lebih menyakitkan dan sulit untuk diperbaiki. Meskipun demikian, dengan perawatan luka episiotomi yang tepat, maka kondisi ibu juga akan lebih cepat pulih.

 

Saat ini episiotomi sudah bukan merupakan prosedur yang wajib dilakukan saat persalinan. Seorang ibu bisa saja melahirkan dengan perineum utuh tanpa perlu dilakukan sayatan. Namun jika dibutuhkan, dokter akan melakukan episiotomi untuk mempermudah jalannya persalinan dan demi keselamatan ibu dan bayi. Konsultasikan dengan dokter mengenai perawatan luka episiotomi agar luka ibu cepat pulih dan terhindar dari infeksi.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 10:40

Mayo Clinic. (2020). Episiotomy: When it’s Needed, When It’s Not. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/episiotomy/art-20047282#

Murray, D. (2021). When Is An Episiotomy Needed?. Available from: https://www.verywellfamily.com/when-is-an-episiotomy-needed-4768300

NHS. (2020). Episiotomy and Perineal Tears. Available from: https://www.nhs.uk/pregnancy/labour-and-birth/what-happens/episiotomy-and-perineal-tears/#

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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