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Sama-Sama Bergejala Pikun, Ini Beda Demensia dan Alzheimer

Sama-Sama Bergejala Pikun, Ini Beda Demensia dan Alzheimer

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Beberapa penyakit saraf yang kerap dialami kalangan lansia adalah demensia dan alzheimer. Banyak yang mengangap keduanya adalah penyakit yang sama, namun sebenarnya keduanya sangat berbeda. Apa perbedaan mendasar antara demensia dan alzheimer? Yuk, simak ulasannya berikut ini!

Perbedaan demensia dan penyakit alzheimer

Baik demensia dan alzheimer sering dianggap penyakit yang sama karena sama-sama dialami oleh lansia dan sama-sama memiliki gejala penurunan daya ingat dan pikun. Perbedaan antara demensia dan alzheimer bisa dilihat dari penyebab, gejala dan pengobatan yang diberikan. Berikut ini perbedaan keduanya:

1. Perbedaan definisi penyakit

Demensia sering dianggap sebagai sebuah penyakit. Namun, demensia sebenarnya adalah sekumpulan gejala yang memengaruhi kemampuan seseorang dalam mengingat, berpkir hingga bersosialisasi. Sedangkan alzheimer adalah penyakit yang menyebabkan penurunan daya ingat, kemampuan berpikir, bicara dan perubahan perilaku.

Menurut para ahli, demensia memiliki cakupan lebih luas terkait gejala gangguan pada otak. Bisa dikatakan bahwa alzheimer adalah salah satu penyakit yang masuk di dalam cakupan demensia.

Karena alzheimer merupakan salah satu gangguan saraf dan otak yang sangat populer dibanding gangguan demensia yang lain, maka orang sering menganggap alzheimer dan demensia adalah dua hal yang sama. Selain alzheimer, penyakit lain yang berada dalam lingkup demensia adalah demensia vaskular, lewy body dementia, dan demensia frontotemporal.

 

2. Perbedaan penyebab

Dibandingkan alzheimer, penyebab demensia lebih beragam, tergantung jenis demensia yang dialami. Misalnya untuk demensia vaskular, penyakit ini dapat terjadi karena kurangnya aliran darah di otak. Umumnya pengidap demensia vaskular adalah orang yang memiliki hipertensi, stroke atau merokok.

Untuk demensia lewy body, penyakit ini disebabkan oleh gumpalan protein yang merusak sel di otak dan akhirnya mati. Selanjutnya untuk demensia frontotemporal, seperti namanya, disebabkan oleh penggumpalan protein di bagian depan dan samping otak.

Sedangkan untuk alzheimer, penyakit ini disebabkan oleh adanya endapan plak amiloid di otak yang menyebabkan kerusakan dan penggumpalan protein yang menyebabkan hambatan asupan nutrisi menuju otak.

3. Perbedaan gejala

Dilihat dari gejalanya, demensia dan alzheimer juga memiliki gejala yang berbeda. Pada demensia, gejala yang terlihat umumnya adalah kesulitan berkonsentrasi, kebingungan, mudah gelisah dan mengalami depresi.

Pada demensia lewy body gejala bisa berupa otot kaku, tremor dan sering terjatuh. Sedangkan untuk demensia frontotemporal, gejala yang sering terlihat adalah kejang otot, sulit memahami bahasa dan tulisan seseorang dan sering melakukan gerakan berulang yang tidak normal.

Pada alzheimer, gejala yang terlihat adalah hilang ingatan, sering lupa dan tersesat di tempat yang sudah dikenali dan menaruh benda yang digunakan di tempat yang tidak seharusnya. Gejala lain pada alzheimer adalah depresi, sering mengulang pertanyaan dan sulit berpikir terutama dalam mengambil keputusan.

Gejala yang cukup membedakan antara alzheimer dan demensia adalah kondisi pasien ketika berada di tahap akhir. Pada pengidap alzheimer, orang akan mengalami halusinasi dan hilangnya kemampuan seperti membaca dan menggambar. Pada pengidap demensia, pasien akan kehilangan kemampuan dasar seperti berjalan, duduk, tidak mengenali keluarga dan sulit untuk berbahasa. Sekilas memang tampak mirip, sama-sama mengalami penurunan kemampuan dasar

4. Perbedaan pengobatan

Pengobatan demensia dan alzheimer tergantung pada gejala yang dialami. Pada demensia vaskular yang disebabkan oleh kurangnya aliran darah ke otak, umumnya pasien akan diberi obat untuk menurunkan tekanan darah dan obat pencegah pembekuan darah. Pada pasien demensia frontotemporal umumnya pasien akan diresepkan antidepresan dan antipsikotik.

Untuk pasien alzheimer, biasanya dokter akan memberikan obat yang dapat meningkatkan kadar zat kimia otak seperti rivastigmine, donepezil, dan memantine. Obat ini bisa digunakan untuk menangani penyakit alzheimer pada tahap awal hingga menengah.

 

Selain obat-obatan, pasien alzheimer juga disarankan untuk melakukan terapi berupa stimulasi kognitif dan terapi relaksasi dan terapi perilaku kognitif. Hingga saat ini belum ada obat yang mampu menyembuhkan penyakit demensia dan alzheimer. Pengobatan yang diberikan adalah obat-obatan untuk mengurangi gejala, menghambat perkembangan penyakit dan meningkatkan kemampuan pasien untuk hidup mandiri.

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Jumat, 14 April 2023 | 15:32

Alzheimer's association. Dementia vs Alzheimer's disease: what's the difference?. Available from: https://www.alz.org/alzheimers-dementia/difference-between-dementia-and-alzheimer-s.

Healthline (2020). Dementia and alzheimer's: what are the differences?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/alzheimers-disease/difference-dementia-alzheimers.

WHO (2021). Dementia. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/dementia.

National Institute of Aging. Basics of Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. Available from: https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/alzheimers/basics.

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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.09msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4741 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4741
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.96msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 571 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 571
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.91msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6706 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6706
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.26msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8124 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8039
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 8734
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.35msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 291 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 291
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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