Mengenal Plasenta Previa, Kondisi Ketika Plasenta Menutupi Jalan Lahir

Mengenal Plasenta Previa, Kondisi Ketika Plasenta Menutupi Jalan Lahir
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Plasenta memiliki fungsi sangat penting saat kehamilan. Organ yang terbentuk sejak awal kehamilan ini berfungsi menyalurkan nutrisi dan oksigen pada janin sehingga janin dapat berkembang dengan optimal. Pada beberapa kasus, letak plasenta dapat menjadi salah satu komplikasi kehamilan yaitu plasenta previa, dimana posisi plasenta menutup jalan lahir janin.

 

Apa Itu Plasenta Previa?

Sejak awal terjadinya kehamilan, di dalam tubuh ibu hamil sudah terbentuk organ plasenta yang mendukung perkembangan janin. Selain berfungsi untuk menyalurkan nutrisi, plasenta previa juga berfungsi untuk membuang sisa limbah dari darah bayi. Selama kehamilan, rahim akan terus meregang dan bertumbuh. Pertumbuhan ini juga ikut memengaruhi lokasi plasenta.

Di awal kehamilan, plasenta dapat tumbuh di bagian bawah rahim. Ketika memasuki trimester akhir, normalnya posisi plasenta sudah berada di bagian atas rahim agar proses persalinan berjalan lancar. Namun pada beberapa kasus, posisi plasenta menempel di bagian bawah rahim sehingga menutupi serviks sebagai jalan lahir. Kondisi inilah yang dikenal dengan istilah plasenta previa.

Dilansir dari Mayo Clinic, gejala plasenta previa yang paling umum adalah pendarahan vagina berwarna merah segar tanpa rasa sakit pada usia kehamilan di atas 20 minggu.

Berdasarkan letak plasenta dan bagaimana plasenta menutupi serviks, plasenta previa dapat dibagi menjadi beberapa jenis yaitu:

  • Plasenta previa parsial di mana plasenta menutupi sebagian leher rahim atau jalan keluar bayi
  • Plasenta previa total di mana menutupi seluruh leher rahim

Berdasarkan posisi plasenta tersebut, plasenta previa total merupakan kondisi yang paling serius. Biasanya ibu hamil dengan kondisi ini dianjurkan untuk melahirkan dengan prosedur operasi sesar. Pada beberapa kasus, ibu hamil dengan plasenta previa harus lahir prematur jika kondisi plasenta sangat berbahaya.

 

Penanganan Plasenta Previa

Beberapa wanita yang mengalami plasenta previa di awal kehamilan akan sembuh dengan sendirinya menjelang masa persalinan. Ketika rahim tumbuh, jarak antara serviks dan plasenta akan meningkat sehingga arah pertumbuhan plasenta menjadi lebih tinggi di dalam rahim dan tepi jaringan plasenta di dekat serviks mengecil.

Jika plasenta previa sembuh maka Anda dapat menjalani persalinan pervaginam. Namun jika lokasi plasenta previa terus menutup leher rahim maka Anda harus menjalani persalinan dengan operasi sesar.

Tidak ada cara untuk mencegah plasenta previa dan tidak ada operasi medis yang dapat memperbaiki posisi tersebut. Penanganan plasenta previa difokuskan pada penanganan pendarahan yang dialami ibu hamil. Berikut ini skenario penanganan yang mungkin dilakukan pada ibu hamil dengan plasenta previa:

  • Jika Anda mengalami pendarahan di usia kehamilan lebih dari 20 minggu maka Anda perlu menjalani rawat inap agar pendarahan dapat terus dipantau. Apabila diperlukan, Anda juga akan mendapat transfusi darah untuk menggantikan darah yang hilang.
  • Jika pendarahan yang Anda alami berhenti dalam waktu 48 jam, Anda kemungkinan dipersilahkan untuk istirahat di rumah, namun jika pendarahan masih terus berlangsung, Anda akan dianjurkan untuk tetap berada di rumah sakit.
  • Apabila Anda mengalami plasenta previa dan tidak mengalami pendarahan, maka Anda akan dianjurkan untuk beristirahat total untuk menurunkan risiko terjadinya pendarahan hingga mendekati tanggal persalinan. Anda juga akan dianjurkan untuk menghindari aktivitas berat seperti hubungan seksual, olahraga berat dan berdiri untuk waktu yang lama.

Namun biasanya, meskipun tidak terjadi pendarahan, wanita dengan plasenta previa akan tetap dianjurkan untuk melahirkan dengan operasi sesar pada usia kehamilan 36 atau 37 minggu. Hal ini dilakukan untuk menghindari komplikasi persalinan lebih lanjut akibat plasenta previa.

Plasenta previa merupakan salah satu komplikasi kehamilan yang menyebabkan ibu hamil rentan mengalami pendarahan dan operasi sesar. Kondisi ini dapat diketahui melalui pemeriksaan USG. Untuk itu, ibu hamil dianjurkan rutin menjalani pemeriksaan kehamilan agar mengetahui kondisi kesehatan janin dan kemungkinan komplikasi lainnya.

Mau tahu informasi seputar kehamilan, menyusui, kesehatan wanita dan anak-anak? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Nadia Opmalina
Last Updated : Minggu, 16 April 2023 | 03:00

Mayo Clinic. Placenta Previa. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/placenta-previa/symptoms-causes/syc-20352768

WebMD. Placenta Previa. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/baby/guide/what-is-placenta-previa

Mayo Clinic. Placenta Previa. Available from: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/placenta-previa/symptoms-causes/syc-20352768#

Johnsn, S. (2021). What Is Placenta Previa?. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/placenta-previa

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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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        #12025-04-14 03:18:29GET/ibu-dan-anak/apa-itu-plasenta-previa1113186