Pruritus Uremik

Pruritus Uremik
Gambaran bekas garukan akibat gatal yang dialami pasien yang menerima cuci darah.

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Definisi

Pruritus uremik merupakan kondisi gatal-gatal pada kulit yang terjadi pada pasien dengan gagal ginjal stadium akhir yang menerima dialisis (cuci darah). Kondisi ini dikaitkan dengan menurunkan kualitas hidup pasien dan berhubungan juga dengan angka kematian pada pasien dengan gagal ginjal stadium akhir.

Uremik merujuk pada kondisi urea 'salah satu produk metabolisme protein' yang berlebihan di dalam darah dan terjadi saat ginjal mulai berhenti untuk bekerja yang dikenal dengan gagal ginjal.

Pruritus merujuk pada kondisi masalah yang sering terjadi pada pasien dengan gagal ginjal stadium akhir yang ditandai dengan adanya gatal-gatal pada permukaan kulit.

Penyakit ini memiliki angka kejadian sekitar 1 per 3 dari pasien dengan cuci darah. Laju kejadian pada kasus pruritus uremik berada di kisaran 20-50% dari seluruh pasien dengan gagal ginjal kronis. Meskipun demikian, angka yang dilaporkan lebih rendah pada anak-anak, yaitu sekitar 9%.

Pruritus uremik tidak dihubungkan dengan jenis kelamin, usia, ras, durasi cuci darah atau penyebab dari gagal ginjal.

 

Penyebab

Penyebab pruritus uremik diduga disebabkan oleh kombinasi dari beberapa faktor, termasuk di dalamnya yaitu kulit kering, keringat yang berkurang, metabolisme kalsium dan fosfat yang abnormal, peningkatan hormon paratiroid, konsentrasi magnesium dan alumunium yang abnormal, akumulasi toksin, inflamasi sistemik 'peradangan seluruh tubuh', penyakit yang diderita, terutama diabetes dan penyakit liver, atau cuci darah yang kurang memadai.

 

Faktor Risiko

Ada beberapa faktor risiko yang meningkatkan angka kejadian dari pruritus uremik. Beberapa faktor risiko tersebut diantaranya adalah pasien diabetes melitus dengan penyakit ginjal kronis lebih rentan terkena pruritus uremik. Selain itu, pasien yang tidak cuci darah secara rutin juga memiliki risiko yang lebih tinggi untuk munculnya pruritus uremik. Beberapa pasien yang memiliki kendali gula darah yang buruk pada kasus diabetes melitus juga memiliki kecenderungan untuk timbulnya pruritus uremik.

 

Gejala

Gatal pada pruritus uremik paling sering muncul di area punggung. Meskipun demikian, ada beberapa area lain seperti tangan, kepala, dan perut yang dapat mengalami rasa gatal akibat pruritus uremik. Pruritus generalisata, atau gatal yang terasa hampir di seluruh tubuh dapat terjadi pada beberapa pasien sekitar 20-50% kasus. Beberapa karakteristik yang biasa ditemukan pada pruritus uremik adalah gatal memberat terutama saat malam hari sehingga membuat pasien sulit tidur dan mengalami gangguan tidur, kemudian gatal yang dirasakan dapat mengalami eksaserbasi atau memberat apabila berada di suhu yang panas dan ada pemicu stress, lalu gatal cenderung berkurang saat melakukan aktivitas fisik, berada di suhu yang dingin, dan mandi air dingin atau suam-suam kuku, disertai gejala gatal yang naik turun atau fluktuasi selama proses cuci darah berlangsung.

Ada beberapa tanda pada kulit yang dapat berhubungan dengan pruritus uremik yang berawal dari garukan yang berulang, misalnya seperti ekskoriasi (tanda garukan berulang), dan kulit kering, lalu beberapa penyakit kulit lain seperti liken simpleks kronis (tampak relief kulit yang jelas terlihat dan adanya penebalan kulit pada area yang gatal), dan prurigo nodularis (tampak adanya bintil-bintil berwarna hitam yang dapat disebabkan oleh garukan berulang dan kronis).

 

Diagnosis

Diagnosis pruritus uremik merupakan diagnosis klinis biasanya dapat ditegakkan melalui wawancara medis dan pemeriksaan fisik. Pada wawancara medis, dokter akan menanyakan riwayat penyakit ginjal kronis dan kapan muncul gejala yang dirasakan oleh Anda. Pada pemeriksaan fisik, dokter akan melihat area yang menjadi keluhan Anda dan memeriksakannya sehingga dapat menentukan penyakitnya.

Pemeriksaan penunjang juga berperan dalam menegakkan atau memastikan diagnosis dari pruritus uremik. Pemeriksaan penunjang seperti laboratorium yaitu blood urea nitrogen (BUN), hormon paratiroid, dan kadar fosfat, kalsium, dan magnesium juga membantu dalam menentukan diagnosisnya.

Diagnosis pruritus uremik juga dihubungkan dengan timbulnya pruritus pada pasien yang menjalani cuci darah, gejala yang terjadi cenderung menetap, dan diketahui adanya peningkatan kadar ureum darah.

Meskipun demikian, beberapa penyakit kulit dan penyebab metabolic yang dapat menimbulkan gatal perlu disingkirkan juga, misalnya eksim, skabies, reaksi obat, defisiensi zat besi, dan penyakit tiroid.

 

Tata Laksana

Penanganan awal dan utama yang perlu dilakukan adalah mengoptimalkan cuci darah (dialisis). Hal ini merupakan hal yang penting dalam rangka untuk mengurangi kadar hormon paratiroid darah sehingga dapat membuat kadar kalsium dan fosfat kembali normal. Hal ini dilakukan juga sebagai dasar untuk mengurangi penyebab gatal pada pruritus uremik.

Selain itu, beberapa pengobatan dan terapi yang dapat dilakukan adalah menggunakan pembersih tubuh tanpa busa sabun (non-soap cleansers) dan mengoleskan pelembap sesaat setelah bilas dengan komponen pelembap seperti emolien yaitu gliserol, petrolatum, beberapa kali dalam sehari. Selain itu, hindari menggaruk dan jagalah kuku tetap pendek dan bersih. Hindari juga pemicu gatal seperti suhu panas dan stress

Obat oles yang dapat diberikan apabila gatal mengenai area tertentu dapat menggunakan obat oles yang meringakan gejala gatal, misalnya krim mentol yaitu krim yang memberikan sensasi dingin sehingga dapat menjadi pereda gatal. Selain itu, krim capsaicin juga dapat dipertimbangkan untuk dioleskan pada area yang gatal.

 

Komplikasi

Komplikasi yang dapat muncul pada pruritus uremik adalah biasanya akibat garukannya dapat menyebabkan infeksi kulit (impetigo), bintil-bintil kulit (prurigo), dan liken simpleks kronis. Selain itu, pruritus uremik menyebabkan penderita mengalami penurunan kualitas hidup dan merasa tidak nyaman akibat gatal yang dirasakan sehingga beberapa pasien mengalami rasa cemas dan depresi. Pruritus uremik pada pasien yang menjalani cuci darah dihubungkan dengan peningkatan kematian sekitar 17% kasus.

 

Pencegahan

Ada beberapa langkah yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah terjadinya pruritus uremik. Berikut langkah-langkah yang dapat anda lakukan:

  • Melakukan cuci darah secara rutin bagi pasien dengan gagal ginjal stadium akhir
  • Mengontrol gula darah secara rutin bagi pasien diabetes melitus dengan penyakit ginjal kronis
  • Olahraga secara teratur minimal 3-5 kali per minggu dengan durasi minimal selama 30 menit per kalinya
  • Menjaga asupan makanan dengan konsumsi makanan gizi seimbang
  • Mengelola stress dengan baik
  • Menghindari ruangan atau lingkungan yang memiliki suhu yang panas
  • Rutin memeriksakan diri ke dokter bagi pasien diabetes melitus dengan penyakit ginjal kronis
  • Berhenti merokok
  • Berhenti konsumsi alkohol

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Jika gejala gatal yang dirasakan sangat menganggu kualitas hidup atau makin memberat seiring berjalannya waktu, sebaiknya Anda memeriksakan diri lebih lanjut ke dokter spesialis kulit dan kelamin (Sp.KK) atau spesialis dermatologi dan venerologyi (Sp.DV) dan dokter spesialis penyakit dalam (Sp.PD) sebagai bentuk penanganan yang multidisiplin dan komprehensif sehingga kedua dokter dapat berkolaborasi untuk menangani kasus pruritus uremik. Dokter akan melakukan wawancara medis, pemeriksaan fisik, hingga pemeriksaan penunjang tertentu untuk menetapkan diagnosis pasti dan tata laksana yang tepat.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Apri Haryono Hafid
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Senin, 28 Oktober 2024 | 14:34

Kidney International. Uremic pruritus. https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(15)30196-4/fulltext

Dermnet NZ. Uraemic pruritus. https://dermnetnz.org/topics/uraemic-pruritus

Westby EP, Purdy KS, Tennankor KK. A review of the management of uremic pruritus: current perspectives and future directions, Itch: July-September 2020 - Volume 5 - Issue 3 - p e38 doi: 10.1097/itx.0000000000000038

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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new4.48msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 3886, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-06 15:35:02', '2025-04-06 15:35:02')
      Bindings
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      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 3886
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      • 6: updated
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      • 8: 2025-04-06 15:35:02
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new780μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 35 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 35
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.08msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7708 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 7708
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.59msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6953 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6953
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.5msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 10044 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 10044
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
      • 0: 5577
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new11.92msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5004 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5004
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new13.75msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1951 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1951
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new13.94msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 2598 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new9.12msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3919 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3919
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.1msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 4580 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 4580
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new900μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new860μsselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Category
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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    App\User
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    App\Models\Admin\Tag
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    App\Models\TermPolicy
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    App\Models\Admin\Page
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    App\Models\Admin\Faq
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