Miastenia Gravis

Miastenia Gravis
credits: google.com

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Definisi

Miastenia gravis (MG) adalah penyakit autoiumun yang menyerang saraf-otot. Penyakit ini ditandai dengan melemahnya otot tubuh akibat gangguan pada saraf penghubung antara saraf dan otot. Kondisi ini merupakan kondisi yang jarang terjadi, tetapi dapat menurunkan kualitas hidup seseorang.

 

Penyebab

Penyebab tersering MG adalah kelainan sistem imun. Namun, pada beberapa kasus dapat disebabkan oleh kelainan genetik pada pertemuan saraf dengan otot yang disebut dengan Neuromuscular Junction atau NMJ. 

Otot rangka di seluruh tubuh diatur oleh sinyal saraf yang berasal dari otak. Sinyal ini akan berjalan dari otak melalui saraf menuju lokasi bertemunya saraf dan otot. Namun, serat otot sebetulnya tidak bersentuhan langsung dengan saraf. Terdapat ruang antara ujung saraf dan serat otot yang disebut dengan NMJ.

Ketika sinyal saraf yang berasal dari otak sampai ke ujung saraf, sinyal ini akan menyebabkan pelepasan zat kimia yang disebut dengan asetilkolin. Asetilkolin akan berjalan melewati ruang NMJ untuk mencapai otot di mana terdapat banyak reseptor untuk asetilkolin. Otot akan berkontraksi ketika terdapat cukup asetilkolin yang menduduki reseptor ini.

Pada orang dengan MG, terdapat penurunan jumlah reseptor ini sebanyak 80%. Penurunan jumlah reseptor ini disebabkan oleh adanya antibodi yang merusak atau menghalangi reseptor. Antibodi adalah protein yang memiliki peran penting dalam sistem imun. Antibodi normalnya bekerja untuk melawan protein asing yang disebut antigen yang merusak tubuh. Protein asing tersebut meliputi bakteri dan virus. Antibodi membantu melindungi tubuh dari protein asing ini.

Meskipun masih belum diketahui penyebabnya, namun sudah diketahui bahwa sistem imun orang dengan MG menghasilkan antibodi yang melawan reseptor ini. Antibodi ini merusak reseptor lebih cepat daripada kemampuan tubuh untuk memproduksi reseptor pengganti. Kelemahan otot akan terjadi ketika asetilkolin tidak dapat menduduki reseptor yang cukup pada NMJ.

 

Faktor Risiko

Penelitian terdahulu menunjukan bahwa wanita lebih sering terkena MG dibandingkan pria. Usia terjadinya MG paling banyak pada wanita adalah pada dekade dua dan tiga kehidupan, sedangkan pada pria adalah dekade tujuh dan delapan.

Seiring pertambahan populasi usia tua, maka saat ini MG lebih banyak ditemukan pada pria dengan permulaan gejala biasanya setelah usia 50 tahun.

.

Gejala

Orang yang mengalami miastenia gravis akan memiliki gejala kelemahan otot yang spesifik, bukan kelemahan tubuh umum. Gangguan otot mata yang ditandai dengan kelopak mata yang turun atau pandangan ganda adalah gejala awal MG pada dua pertiga penderitanya. Hampir semuanya penderita akan mengalami kedua kondisi ini dalam waktu 2 tahun.

Kelemahan otot mulut-tenggorokan yang ditandai dengan kesulitan mengunyah makanan yang keras, kenyal, atau padat, kesulitan menelan atau berbicara adalah gejala awal pada satu perenam penderita.

Kelemahan anggota gerak hanya dialami pada 10% penderita.

Tingkat keparahan kelemahan otot akan berfluktuasi dalam satu hari, biasanya paling ringan pada pagi hari lalu memberat seiring berjalannya hari, terutama setelah penggunaan berlebihan dari otot yang terkena.

Perjalanan penyakit bervariasi, namun biasanya bertambah buruk. Pada 10-40% kasus, kelemahan hanya sebatas pada otot mata saja. Sisanya akan mengalami kelemahan progresif pada 2 tahun pertama yang melibatkan otot mulut-tenggorokan dan anggota gerak. Kelemahan berat dapat terjadi dalam satu tahun pertama pada dua pertiga penderita.

Gejala dapat berfluktuasi dalam periode waktu yang singkat dan kemudian menjadi bertambah berat selama beberapa tahun (stadium aktif). Stadium aktif akan diikuti oleh stadium inaktif di mana fluktuasi kelemahan otot tetap dapat terjadi, tapi seringnya berkaitan dengan kelelahan tubuh atau penyakit lain. Setelah 15 sampai 20 tahun, kelemahan sering menetap dan otot yang terkena dapat mengecil karena massa otot berkurang.

Faktor yang memperburuk gejala MG seperti:

  • Stres emosional
  • Penyakit seperti infeksi virus saluran napas
  • Hipotiroidisme atau hipertiroidisme
  • Kehamilan
  • Siklus menstruasi
  • Obat-obatan yang mempengaruhi saraf
  • Peningkatan suhu tubuh

 

Diagnosis

Pada kasus yang sangat ringan, MG sering tidak terdiagnosis sampai beberapa bulan bahkan tahun. Kelemahan otot dengan distribusi yang tidak biasa dan gejala yang berfluktuasi tidak jarang membuat gejala terlihat seperti suatu penyakit kejiwaan.

Orang dengan kelopak mata yang turun, penglihatan ganda, dan kesulitan bicara atau menelan bisa juga mengalami suatu kelainan pada otak dan sering menjalani pemeriksaan untuk stroke, tumor otak, atau sklerosis multipel.

Pemeriksaan yang dapat dilakukan untuk menegakkan diagnosis MG meliputi:

  • Tes edrofonium klorida (Tensilon®). Kelemahan akibat abnormalitas hantaran sinyal saraf pada NMJ akan membaik setelah penyuntikan edrofonium klorida, yang sering disebut dengan tes Tensilon®. Beberapa orang yang tidak merespon terhadap suntikan edrofonium klorida dapat memberikan respon terhadap penyuntikan neostigmin karena durasi kerjanya yang lebih panjang. Penyuntikan neostigmine terutama berguna pada bayi dan anak-anak yang responnya terhadap edrofonium klorida mungkin terlalu singkat untuk dinilai. Pada beberapa orang, dapat dilakukan percobaan pemberian piridostigmin harian yang dapat memberikan perbaikan gejala yang mungkin tidak terlihat hanya dengan sekali penyuntikan edrofonium klorida atau neostigmine.
  • Pemeriksaan antibodi dalam darah. Beberapa jenis antibodi ditemukan pada sebagian besar penderita MG. Namun, beberapa penderita MG tidak memiliki antibodi yang terdeteksi. Pada kasus ini, diagnosis didasarkan pada gejala, respon terhadap tes edrofonium klorida, dan hasil pemeriksaan kelistrikan.
  • Elektromiografi (EMG). Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan dengan memberikan stimulasi saraf berulang dengan gelombang listrik kecil untuk melelahkan otot. Otot pada MG tidak dapat mengatasi stimulasi berulang ini, tidak seperti otot normal.

 

Tata Laksana

Terapi MG bersifat individualistik bergantung pada tingkat keparahan penyakit, usia, jenis kelamin pasien, serta tingkat gangguan fungsional yang terjadi.

Respon terhadap terapi biasanya sulit dinilai karena keparahan gejala berfluktuasi. Perbaikan spontan, bahkan remisi, dapat terjadi tanpa terapi spesifik, terutama pada stadium awal penyakit.

Pilihan terapi untuk MG meliputi:

  • Penghambat kolinesterase. Obat ini berkerja dengan menghambat pengrusakan asetilkolin sehingga jumlah asetilkolin di NMJ dapat bertambah.
  • Pembuangan kelenjar timus. Timus merupakan jaringan imun yang memproduksi antibodi sehingga operasi pengangkatan timus dapat memberikan keuntungan bagi penderita MG.
  • Perbaikan yang signifikan atau komplin terjadi pada lebih dari 75% orang yang diterapi dengan prednison
  • Obat penekan sistem imun. Azatioprin dapat memperbaiki gejala pada kebanyakan penderita namun efeknya bisa dapat terlihat setelah 4 sampai 8 bulang. Penderita yang tidak menunjukkan respon terhadap kortikosteroid dapat saja meresepon terhadap pemberian azatioprin, begitu juga sebaliknya. Siklosporin juga terkadang bermanfaat untuk terapi MG. selain itu, siklosfosfamid juga dapat digunakan melalui suntikan maupun minum sebagai terapi MG.
  • Pertukaran plasma. Terapi ini digunakan jangka pendek untuk penderita yang mengalami perburukan mendadak gejala MG dan untuk penderita yang tidak menunjukan respon terhadap terapi lainnya.

 

Komplikasi

Komplikasi MG dapat ditangani, namun beberapa dapat mengancam nyawa. Beberapa komplikasi MG antara lain:

  • Krisis miastenik. Kondisi ini mengancam nyawa dan terjadi ketika otot pernapasan menjadi terlalu lemah.
  • Tumor kelenjar timus. Beberapa orang dengan MG memiliki tumor pada kelenjar timus, tapi biasanya tidak ganas.

 

Pencegahan

Tidak ada cara yang diketahui dapat mencegah MG. Jika Anda sudah mengalami MG, terdapat beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan untuk mencegah kekambuhan:

  • Cegah infeksi dengan menerapkan higienitas yang baik dan menghindari orang yang sedang sakit
  • Menangani infeksi dengan cepat
  • Tidak berada di tempat yang telralu panas atau terlalu dingin
  • Hindari olahraga berlebihan
  • Pelajari metode efektif untuk mengelola stres

 

Kapan Harus ke Dokter?

Anda sebaiknya berkonsultasi dengan dokter jika Anda mengalami kesulitan:

  • Bernapas
  • Melihat
  • Menelan
  • Mengunyah
  • Berjalan
  • Menggunakan lengan atau tangan
  • Menegakkan kepala

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : dr Tea Karina Sudharso
Editor :
  • dr Ayu Munawaroh, MKK
Last Updated : Rabu, 19 Juni 2024 | 06:34

MG Education | MGFA. (2022). Retrieved 22 September 2022, from https://myasthenia.org/MG-Education

Myasthenia Gravis Clinical Overview | MGFA. (2022). Retrieved 22 September 2022, from https://myasthenia.org/Professionals/Clinical-Overview-of-MG

Myasthenia gravis - Symptoms and causes. (2022). Retrieved 22 September 2022, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/myasthenia-gravis/symptoms-causes/syc-20352036

Diagnosis & Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis. (2022). Retrieved 23 September 2022, from https://www.webmd.com/brain/understanding-myasthenia-gravis-treatment

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      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:372
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • CategoryHealtTopics.php#11aicare_prod_new1.16msselect * from `categories` where (`slug` != 'penyakit-a-z' and `slug` != 'obat-a-z' and `slug` != 'pemeriksaan-a-z' and `parent_id` = '0') and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null order by `order` asc
      Bindings
      • 0: penyakit-a-z
      • 1: obat-a-z
      • 2: pemeriksaan-a-z
      • 3: 0
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The != operator is not standard. Use the <> operator to test for inequality instead.
      Backtrace
      • app/Repositories/Categories/CategoryHealtTopics.php:11
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:376
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
    • WebController.php#377aicare_prod_new111msselect * from `posts` where `status` = 1 and `publish_date` <= '2025-04-06 17:13:54' and `content_type` = 'article' and `posts`.`deleted_at` is null order by RAND() limit 7
      Bindings
      • 0: 1
      • 1: 2025-04-06 17:13:54
      • 2: article
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • ORDER BY RAND() is slow, try to avoid if you can. You can read this or this
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:377
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • WebController.php#391aicare_prod_new6.95msupdate `posts` set `views_count` = 2362 where `id` = 5094
      Bindings
      • 0: 2362
      • 1: 5094
      Backtrace
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:260
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Route.php:205
    • ActivityLogger.php#174aicare_prod_new7.36msinsert into `activity_log` (`log_name`, `properties`, `batch_uuid`, `event`, `subject_id`, `subject_type`, `description`, `updated_at`, `created_at`) values ('default', '[]', null, 'updated', 5094, 'App\\Models\\Admin\\Post', 'updated', '2025-04-06 17:13:55', '2025-04-06 17:13:55')
      Bindings
      • 0: default
      • 1: []
      • 2: 
      • 3: updated
      • 4: 5094
      • 5: App\Models\Admin\Post
      • 6: updated
      • 7: 2025-04-06 17:13:55
      • 8: 2025-04-06 17:13:55
      Backtrace
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/ActivityLogger.php:174
      • vendor/spatie/laravel-activitylog/src/Traits/LogsActivity.php:88
      • app/Http/Controllers/WebController.php:391
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/Controller.php:54
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Routing/ControllerDispatcher.php:43
    • single-post-healthpedia.blade.php#37aicare_prod_new860μsselect * from `users` where `users`.`id` = 31 limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 31
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.single-post-healthpedia:37
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.97msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1163 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1163
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.91msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 5464 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 5464
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.1msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8003 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8003
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.84msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 8954 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 8954
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.89msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3990 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3990
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new5.84msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 9138 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 9138
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.2msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 657 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 657
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#11aicare_prod_new920μsselect * from `categories` where `categories`.`id` = 5 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: 5
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.03msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3685 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3685
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.61msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3090 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3090
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new8.44msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 1995 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 1995
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.02msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 3484 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 3484
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • related-article.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new7.58msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 6779 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
      • 0: 6779
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#122aicare_prod_new890μsselect * from `pages` where `slug` = 'about-us' limit 1
      Bindings
      • 0: about-us
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:122
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#547aicare_prod_new820μsselect * from `faqs` limit 1
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      • LIMIT without ORDER BY causes non-deterministic results, depending on the query execution plan
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:547
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • web_layout.blade.php#551aicare_prod_new1.01msselect * from `term_policies`
      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      • The SELECT statement has no WHERE clause and could examine many more rows than intended
      Backtrace
      • view::layouts.v2.web_layout:551
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    App\Models\Admin\Post
    87Post.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Category
    29Category.php#?
    App\User
    4User.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Tag
    4Tag.php#?
    App\Models\TermPolicy
    3TermPolicy.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Page
    1Page.php#?
    App\Models\Admin\Faq
    1Faq.php#?
        locale
        id
        _token
        AcDB0zQaiAJ9KKRfGWLw89g2nhGfRxJPXdYKHG4O
        _previous
        array:1 [ "url" => "https://ai-care.atmatech.id/healthpedia-penyakit/miastenia-gravis" ]
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        array:2 [ "old" => [] "new" => [] ]
        path_info
        /healthpedia-penyakit/miastenia-gravis
        status_code
        200
        
        status_text
        OK
        format
        html
        content_type
        text/html; charset=UTF-8
        request_query
        []
        
        request_request
        []
        
        request_headers
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        request_cookies
        0 of 0
        array:2 [ "XSRF-TOKEN" => "AcDB0zQaiAJ9KKRfGWLw89g2nhGfRxJPXdYKHG4O" "laravel_session" => "cyKOylMNvGHXJ91Tnp48JNa4aRDvYFP9MubTQ9o7" ]
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