Elektroforesis Protein

Elektroforesis Protein
Ilustrasi Pengambilan Sampel Darah

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Definisi

Elektroforesis protein adalah tes yang mengukur protein spesifik dalam darah. Tes ini memisahkan protein dalam darah berdasarkan muatan listriknya. Tes elektroforesis protein sering digunakan untuk menemukan zat abnormal yang disebut protein M. Kehadiran protein M bisa menjadi tanda sejenis kanker yang disebut myeloma, atau multiple myeloma. Myeloma memengaruhi sel darah putih yang disebut sel plasma di sumsum tulang. Elektroforesis protein juga menguji protein dan antibodi lain (imunoglobulin).

Elektroforesis protein juga dapat digunakan untuk membantu diagnosis penyakit berikut ini:

  • Masalah tiroid
  • Diabetes
  • Anemia
  • Penyakit hati
  • Nutrisi yang buruk atau ketidakmampuan untuk menyerap nutrisi
  • Penyakit autoimun tertentu

 

Indikasi

Dokter mungkin merekomendasikan pemeriksaan elektroforesis protein jika Anda mengalami gejala yang memengaruhi protein dalam serum darah Anda. Gejala-gejala ini dapat meliputi hal-hal berikut:

  • Penurunan berat badan yang tidak dapat dijelaskan
  • Nyeri tulang atau sering patah tulang
  • Kelelahan
  • Kelemahan
  • Mual
  • Sembelit
  • Rasa haus yang berlebihan
  • Sakit punggung

 

Kontraindikasi

Tidak ada kontraindikasi atau kondisi yang membuat seseorang tidak bisa melakukan pemeriksaan ini.

 

Persiapan sebelum pemeriksaan

Anda mungkin diminta untuk tidak makan atau minum selama 12 jam sebelum tes ini. Jenis obat-obatan tertentu dapat memengaruhi hasil tes ini. Konsultasikan dengan dokter jika Anda mengonsumsi obat maupun suplemen tertentu.

 

Prosedur pemeriksaan

Tes dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel darah. Jarum digunakan untuk mengambil darah dari pembuluh darah di lengan atau tangan. Setelah dilakukan pengambilan sampel, bekas tusukan akan ditutup menggunakan perban. Tidak ada batasan aktivitas setelah pengambilan sampel. Anda mungkin mengalami sedikit memar dan nyeri, namun hanya sementara dan dalam waktu singkat saja.

Terdapat sedikit risiko yang dapat terjadi ketika pengambilan darah. Vena dan arteri memiliki ukuran yang bervariasi dari setiap orang, dan dari satu sisi tubuh ke sisi lainnya. Mengambil darah dari beberapa orang mungkin lebih sulit daripada yang lain.

Risiko lain yang terkait dengan pengambilan darah termasuk sedikit dan cukup jarang, tetapi mungkin termasuk:

  • Pendarahan yang berlebihan
  • Pingsan atau merasa pusing
  • Beberapa tusukan untuk menemukan vena
  • Hematoma (penumpukan darah di bawah kulit)
  • Infeksi 

 

Nilai Normal dan Abnormal

Kisaran nilai normal adalah:

  • Total protein: 6,4 hingga 8,3 gram per desiliter (g/dL) atau 64 hingga 83 gram per liter (g/L)
  • Albumin: 3,5 hingga 5,0 g/dL atau 35 hingga 50 g/L
  • Globulin alfa-1: 0,1 hingga 0,3 g/dL atau 1 hingga 3 g/L
  • Globulin alfa-2: 0,6 hingga 1,0 g/dL atau 6 hingga 10 g/L
  • Beta globulin: 0,7 hingga 1,2 g/dL atau 7 hingga 12 g/L
  • Gamma globulin: 0,7 hingga 1,6 g/dL atau 7 hingga 16 g/L

Nilai di atas adalah pengukuran umum untuk hasil tes ini. Kisaran nilai normal mungkin sedikit berbeda di antara tiap laboratorium. Beberapa laboratorium menggunakan pengukuran yang berbeda atau menguji sampel yang berbeda.

Peningkatan total protein dapat mengindikasikan:

  • Kehilangan protein yang tidak normal dari saluran pencernaan atau ketidakmampuan saluran pencernaan untuk menyerap protein (protein-losing enteropathy)
  • Malnutrisi
  • Gangguan ginjal disebut sindrom nefrotik
  • Jaringan parut pada hati dan fungsi hati yang buruk (sirosis)

 

Hasil dan Saran (Pemeriksaan Lanjutan)

Kadar protein yang tinggi ataupun rendah dalam darah tidak berarti selalu memiliki arti yang jelas. Dokter dapat menggunakan hasil pemeriksaan untuk membuat diagnosis atau memutuskan pengobatan.

Untuk pemeriksaan lebih lanjut, dokter mungkin akan melakukan lebih banyak tes. Hal ini juga dapat dilakukan lagi di masa mendatang untuk dapat membantu dokter memutuskan seberapa baik terapi yang dilakukan dan bagaimana obat-obatan bekerja.

 

Konsultasikan ke Dokter yang Tepat

Hasil pemeriksaan elektroforesis protein pada orang dewasa dapat dikonsultasikan dengan dokter spesialis penyakit dalam untuk selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan lanjutan ataupun memulai terapi untuk diagnosis yang sesuai.

Anda juga dapat berkonsultasi dengan dokter penyakit dalam konsultan hematologi untuk berdiskusi mengenai kondisi Anda lebih jauh. Pada pasien anak, hasil pemeriksaan selain normal harus dikonsultasikan dengan dokter spesialis anak.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar hasil pemeriksaan laboratorium, radiologi, dan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Lovira Ai Care
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Rabu, 2 Agustus 2023 | 07:37

Health Line - Protein Electrophoresis Urinalysis. (2018). Retrieved 26 May 2023, from https://www.healthline.com/health/protein-electrophoresis-serum#moving-forward

Mount Sinai - Protein Electrophoresis Serum. (2021). Retrieved 26 May 2023, from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/tests/protein-electrophoresis-serum

University of Rochester - Protein Electrophoresis Blood (2021). Retrieved 26 May 2023, from https://www.urmc.rochester.edu/encyclopedia/content.aspx?contenttypeid=167&contentid=protein_electrophoresis_serum#:~:text=Protein%20electrophoresis%20is%20a%20test,abnormal%20substances%20called%20M%20proteins.

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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
    • article-popular.blade.php#8aicare_prod_new6.51msselect `categories`.*, `category_post`.`post_id` as `pivot_post_id`, `category_post`.`category_id` as `pivot_category_id`, `category_post`.`created_at` as `pivot_created_at`, `category_post`.`updated_at` as `pivot_updated_at` from `categories` inner join `category_post` on `categories`.`id` = `category_post`.`category_id` where `category_post`.`post_id` = 7083 and `categories`.`deleted_at` is null
      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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