Fentanyl

Fentanyl
Gambar obat fentanil injeksi sediaan 0,05 mg/mL

Bagikan :


Brand/Nama Lain

Durogesic, Remikaf, Sufenta

 

Cara Kerja

Fentanil adalah obat analgesik golongan opioid yang bisa bersifat adiktif atau menimbulkan kecanduan bila disalahgunakan. Pertama kali dikembangkan pada tahun 1950, fentanil dibuat ketika dokter memerlukan obat analgesik yang kuat dan cepat. Obat analgesik akan menghilangkan sensasi nyeri dengan menghalangi jalur sistem saraf.

Fentanil terutama berinteraksi dengan reseptor μ opioid di sistem saraf pusat. Obat ini meningkatkan ambang batas nyeri, mengubah penerimaan sinyal nyeri, dan menghambat hantaran sinyal nyeri. Fentanil berhubungan dengan obat opioid lain seperti morfin dan oksikodon.

 

Indikasi

Fentanil umumnya diberikan dengan suntikan ke dalam jaringan otot atau pembuluh darah. Dokter biasanya memberikan obat ini untuk pasien pada kondisi berikut:

  • Sebagai premedikasi yang disuntikkan ke otot sebelum anestesi/pembiusan pasien
  • Obat tambahan pada prosedur anestesi umum yang diberikan ke dalam pembuluh darah
  • Untuk meredekan nyeri pascaoperasi
  • Mengatasi nyeri kronis yang tidak tertahankan, biasanya pada penderita kanker

 

Kontraindikasi

Terdapat bentuk dan sediaan obat yang beragam dari fentanil. Pada fentanil yang berbentuk patch transdermal (patch yang direkatkan di kulit), tablet buccal (diberikan antara gusi dan lapisan dalam pipi mulut), spray hidung atau spray bawah lidah, terdapat beberapa kondisi medis yang membuat jenis-jenis fentanil ini tidak boleh diberikan, di antaranya:

  • Asma akut atau berat yang tidak dalam pengawasan dokter atau alat resusitasi medis untuk menyelamatkan nyawa pasien
  • Sumbatan saluran cerna seperti ileus paralitik (otot pencernaan berhenti berkontraksi dan makanan tidak bisa bergerak serta dicerna)
  • Bentuk fentanil ini tidak bisa digunakan untuk mengatasi nyeri pascaoperasi
  • Pasien tidak bisa menolerir obat opioid
  • Memiliki riwayat mimisan (epistaksis) berulang
  • Pernah menerima radioterapi pada wajah sebelumnya
  • Sedang dalam kondisi depresi napas, di mana otot-otot pernapasan terganggu dan tidak bisa membuat paru dan organ pernapasan untuk bernapas dengan efektif

 

Efek Samping

Fentanil bisa memberikan efek samping yang beragam pada beberapa orang, dan setiap orang juga bisa memiliki respon yang berbeda terhadap obat. Di bawah ini adalah beberapa efek samping yang bisa timbul dari pemberian fentanil, yaitu:

  • Ruam kulit, kemerahan atau gatal
  • Demam atau peningkatan suhu tubuh
  • Pusing berputar
  • Sakit perut
  • Mual atau muntah
  • Penglihatan kabur atau ganda
  • Denyut jantung lebih cepat atau lambat
  • Nyeri kepala
  • Tremor
  • Kebingungan pascaoperasi
  • Tekanan darah tinggi atau rendah
  • Kejang
  • Penurunan gerak usus
  • Ketergantungan fisik atau psikologis
  • Depresi sistem saraf pusat
  • Depresi napas pada kasus langka

 

Sediaan

Terdapat berbagai sediaan obat fentanil. Namun, fentanil yang beredar di Indonesia umumnya berbentuk ampul berisi cairan atau vial serbuk injeksi. Kedua jenis sediaan ini diberikan melalui suntikan pada jaringan otot (intramuskular) atau pembuluh darah (intravena).

 

Dosis

Premedikasi sebelum pembiusan 

  • Dewasa: 50-100 mcg yang disuntikkan ke dalam jaringan otot, dapat diberikan 30-60 menit sebelum pembiusan atau pembedahan
  • Lansia: Dosis yang diberikan mungkin perlu diturunkan dan disesuaikan

 

Nyeri berat pascaoperasi

  • Dewasa: 50-100 mcg yang disuntikkan ke dalam jaringan otot, pemberian dapat diulang dalam 1-2 jam bila perlu
  • Lansia: Dosis yang diberikan mungkin perlu diturunkan dan disesuaikan

 

Keamanan

Pada wanita hamil, fentanil tergolong sebagai kategori C FDA. Pada penelitian yang dilakukan di hewan uji coba, terdapat risiko yang muncul pada janin yang dikandung hewan tersebut. Belum ada penelitian yang cukup memadai dan terkontrol dengan baik pada wanita hamil. Obat ini bisa diberikan bila potensi manfaat obat lebih besar dibandingkan kemungkinan risiko yang dapat muncul.

 

Interaksi Obat

Bila fentanil diberikan bersama obat-obat berikut, bisa menimbulkan efek seperti:

  • Interaksi fentanil dengan obat opioid berikut (buprenorfin, nalbufin, pentazocine) dapat membuat efek analgesik berkurang
  • Efikasi dan kadar obat antituberkulosis rifampisin, antikejang karbamazepin dan fenitoin bisa berkurang dalam darah bila diberikan bersama fentanil
  • Fentanil bisa menurunkan efikasi obat diuretik (mengeluarkan cairan dari tubuh)
  • Interaksi fentanil dan obat antikolinergik bisa meningkatkan risiko tertahannya urine di tubuh dan sembelit berat
  • Interaksi fentanil dan obat penekan sistem saraf pusat bisa menyebabkan efek sedasi berat, depresi pernapasan, koma hingga kematian

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar obat-obatan lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : dr Arifin Muhammad Siregar
Editor :
  • dr Hanifa Rahma
Last Updated : Senin, 31 Juli 2023 | 05:25

Pusat Informasi Obat Nasional. (2022). Monografi - fentanil. Retrieved 17 September 2022, from https://pionas.pom.go.id/monografi/fentanil.

MIMS Indonesia. (2022). Fentanyl: Indication, Dosage, Side Effect, Precaution. Retrieved 17 September 2022, from https://www.mims.com/indonesia/drug/info/fentanyl?mtype=generic

 

National Center for Biotechnology Information (2022). PubChem Compound Summary for CID 3345, Fentanyl. Retrieved September 18, 2022 from https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Fentanyl

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  • errorlog[14:02:29] LOG.error: Error accessing doctor id: 63983202e088e5e18c0511d7 { "exception": "Undefi...
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      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Bindings
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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