Meningitis is an infectious disease that affects the protective membranes around the brain and spinal cord (the meninges). It can occur in anyone, including infants, children, adolescents, and adults.

In some cases, meningitis can be life-threatening if not treated promptly. What symptoms should you watch for? Read on.

What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is sometimes called spinal meningitis.

The membranes are called meninges, they will shield the brain and spinal cord from injury and also protect the nerves, blood vessels, and cerebrospinal fluid. When the meninges become inflamed, you may have physical symptoms such as fever and rash, and you may also experience confusion and loss of appetite.

Causes of Meningitis

Meningitis falls into two broad types, they are infectious and non-infectious meningitis. Infectious meningitis is caused by pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, virus, or parasite that infect the meninges. Some infections of meninges can spread from person to person.

Non-infectious meningitis is associated with other medical conditions such as lupus or rheumatoid arthritis. This type of meningitis is usually not contagious and often resolves within 1–2 weeks.

Symptoms of Meningitis

Meningitis can result from viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, injuries, or other diseases. Although the causes can differ, the symptoms can vary in pattern and severity.

According to the Mayo Clinic, early symptoms often resemble influenza. They may appear within hours or develop over several days, depending on how severe the infection will become.

Common signs and symptoms of meningitis include:

• Sudden fever with high temperature

• Stiff neck

• Severe or unusual headache

• Headache accompanied by nausea or vomiting

• Confusion or trouble concentrating

• Fatigue, drowsiness, or sluggishness

• Sensitivity to light

• Loss of appetite or increased thirst

• Skin rash

In viral meningitis, symptoms may ease within about 10 days. In bacterial meningitis, symptoms often progress rapidly and can become severe. In infants and children, symptoms may also develop quicker.

A stiff neck is not always present, but a stiff neck coupled together with fever and a rash should raise concern for diagnosis of meningitis.

Neck stiffness from meningitis differs from regular neck pain that radiates to the shoulders. The neck pain typically worsens when patients move their neck left, right, up, or down.

Other frequent symptoms found in meningitis include cognitive changes such as trouble concentrating, confusion, and marked shifts in behavior.

Can Meningitis Be Prevented?

Infectious meningitis can spread through droplets from coughing and sneezing or by sharing eating utensils with infected patients. To lower the risk of infection, try the following:

• Wash hands frequently with soap and running water

• Avoid sharing personal items

• Maintain healthy habits such as adequate sleep, regular exercise, and a balanced diet

• Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough

In addition to the steps above, vaccination can also help prevent certain types of meningitis. Vaccines are currently available for children and adults. If you plan to receive a meningitis vaccine, consult your doctor to choose the appropriate one.

Meningitis can be fatal without proper care, and its symptoms can resemble other diseases. If you develop symptoms that suggest meningitis, seek medical attention for timely evaluation and treatment.

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