Bisakah HIV Menular Lewat Gigitan Nyamuk?

Bisakah HIV Menular Lewat Gigitan Nyamuk?
Ilustrasi gigitan nyamuk pada penderita HIV. Credits: Freepik

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HIV adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus yang disebut Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Ketika masuk ke dalam tubuh, virus ini akan menyerang sistem kekebalan tubuh sehingga tubuh menjadi rentan terhadap infeksi penyakit.

HIV yang dibiarkan berkembang di dalam tubuh dapat melemahkan sistem kekebalan dengan menghancurkan sel T sampai pada akhirnya tubuh tidak mampu melawan penyakit yang ringan sekalipun. Pada tahap akhir, HIV akan berkembang menjadi AIDS yang artinya sistem kekebalan tubuh sudah rusak teramat parah.

 

Bisakah HIV Menular Lewat Gigitan Nyamuk?

HIV dikategorikan sebagai penyakit yang sangat menular. HIV bahkan dapat ditularkan melalui penggunaan jarum suntik yang sama dengan seseorang yang terinfeksi HIV. Apakah ini berarti HIV bisa menular lewat gigitan nyamuk?

Faktanya, gigitan nyamuk tidak dapat menularkan HIV. Walaupun mungkin nyamuk telah menggigit orang yang terinfeksi HIV dan kemudian menggigit orang lain, virus HIV tidak akan menular.

Virus HIV menempel pada reseptor di permukaan sel kekebalan tubuh, kemudian menginfeksi sel-sel tersebut, bereplikasi dan menyebar. Sedangkan nyamuk (dan serangga lainnya) tidak memiliki reseptor yang digunakan HIV untuk mengenali sel kekebalan tubuh, sehingga nyamuk tidak dapat menularkan infeksi HIV.

Baca Juga: Tanaman yang Sebaiknya Dimiliki di Rumah Karena Dibenci Nyamuk

 

Bagaimana HIV Ditularkan?

Jika HIV tidak dapat ditularkan lewat nyamuk, lantas bagaimana HIV ditularkan? Ada beberapa cara penularan HIV, di antaranya sebagai berikut:

Penularan lewat kontak langsung dengan cairan tubuh

Penularan HIV yang pertama adalah melalui kontak langsung dengan cairan tubuh orang yang terinfeksi HIV, misalnya darah, air mani, cairan vagina, air susu ibu, atau cairan anus. Virus HIV yang terdapat pada cairan bisa menular lewat hubungan seksual tanpa perlindungan kondom dengan orang yang terinfeksi HIV.

Perlu dicatat bahwa HIV tidak bisa menular melalui ciuman atau cairan air liur, kecuali bila saat berciuman dengan orang yang terinfeksi HIV Anda memiliki luka di rongga mulut yang memungkinkan virus masuk melalui luka tersebut.

Berbagi jarum suntik

Virus HIV juga dapat ditularkan dari orang yang terinfeksi HIV dengan penggunaan jarum suntik bersama. Misalnya saja jarum suntik narkoba, tindik, maupun tato.

Dalam kasus yang langka, seseorang juga bisa terinfeksi HIV saat tidak sengaja tertusuk jarum yang telah terpapar darah orang dengan HIV.

Dari ibu ke janin

Virus HIV dapat ditularkan dari ibu ke janin yang ada di dalam kandungan, saat melahirkan, atau menyusui. Risiko penularannya akan lebih tinggi apabila ibu tidak mendapatkan terapi antiretroviral.

Baca Juga: Ketahui Lewat Mana Saja HIV Bisa Ditularkan

 

Kapan Perlu Waspada Terhadap HIV?

Anda perlu waspada terhadap HIV apabila Anda seringkali bergonti-ganti pasangan seksual, berhubungan seksual dengan lebih dari satu orang tanpa menggunakan kondom, bekerja di laboratorium, melakukan tindik atau tato, menggunakan jarum suntik bersama dengan orang yang terinfeksi HIV.

Setelah terpapar HIV, maka gejala awal akan muncul sekitar 2-4 minggu. Gejala awal HIV umumnya mirip seperti gejala flu, sehingga orang seringkali salah sangka dan menganggapnya remeh.

Adapun gejala awal HIV yang perlu diwaspadai di antaranya: 

  • Demam
  • Menggigil
  • Kelelahan 
  • Sakit tenggorokan
  • Nyeri otot
  • Keringat di malam hari
  • Ruam kemerahan
  • Pembengkakan kelenjar getah bening
  • Sariawan atau adanya luka di mulut

Apabila Anda berisiko tinggi terinfeksi HIV dan menyadari adanya tanda-tanda di atas, maka periksakan diri ke dokter dan segera dapatkan skrining HIV.

 

Jika Anda memerlukan saran atau konsultasi medis, Anda dapat mengunjungi dokter atau memanfaatkan fitur konsultasi yang tersedia di aplikasi Ai Care dengan mengunduh aplikasi Ai Care dari App Store atau Play Store.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

Writer : Agatha Writer
Editor :
  • Sean Edbert Lim, MBBS
Last Updated : Kamis, 20 Juni 2024 | 05:01

Erica Hersh (2021). Why Mosquitoes Can’t Spread HIV and Which Viruses They Transmit. Available from: https://www.healthline.com/health/can-mosquitoes-transmit-hiv

Planned Parenthood. What is HIV/AIDS?. Available from: https://www.plannedparenthood.org/learn/stds-hiv-safer-sex/hiv-aids

Cleveland Clinic (2022). HIV & AIDS. Available from: https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/4251-hiv-aids

Kara Mayer Robinson (2021). How Do You Catch HIV?. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/hiv-aids/how-catch-hiv

Mathieu Rees (2021). How long do the symptoms of HIV take to show?. Available from: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/how-long-does-it-take-to-show-symptoms-of-hiv 

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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
        • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
        • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Backtrace
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        Hints
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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        Hints
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        Backtrace
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        • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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