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  • Mengenal Anosmia, Gangguan Indra Penciuman yang Menjadi Gejala Covid-19

Mengenal Anosmia, Gangguan Indra Penciuman yang Menjadi Gejala Covid-19

Mengenal Anosmia, Gangguan Indra Penciuman yang Menjadi Gejala Covid-19

Bagikan :


Anosmia adalah kondisi ketika indra penciuman tidak berfungsi dengan normal atau dengan kata lain hidung tidak bisa mencium aroma apa pun. Kondisi ini dapat terjadi ketika sedang pilek, sinus kambuh, atau mengalami cedera kepala dan lain-lain. Kini, anosmia menjadi salah satu gejala COVID-19 yang khas. Sebenarnya, apa yang terjadi saat seseorang mengalami anosmia?

 

Penyebab Anosmia

Indra penciuman bekerja karena rangsangan aroma. Senyawa dari aroma tersebut tercium oleh hidung dan merangsang sel saraf khsusu penciuman yang berada di hidung bagian atas. Sel saraf ini kemudian mengirim informasi ke otak dan menerjemahkannya dengan aroma yang dikenali.

Pada orang yang mengalami anosmia, proses inilah yang terganggu sehingga seseorang bisa mengalami hilangnya indra penciuman. Proses ini dapat terganggu akibat kerusakan sel saraf, pilek, atau hidung tersumbat.

Pada COVID-19, belum dapat diketahui dengan pasti mengapa virus Corona dapat menyebabkan seseorang kehilangan indra penciuman. Namun para ahli menduga bahwa gangguan saraf ini disebabkan oleh peradangan di rongga hidung ketika virus terhirup dan masuk ke dalam tubuh. Ketika virus Covid-19 masuk ke rongga hidung, kemungkinan virus menyerang sistem saraf di dalam hidung sehingga menyebabkan munculnya gejala anosmia.

 

Anosmia dan Gangguan Indra Pengecap

Pada pasien COVID-19, saat Anda tidak bisa mencium aroma di sekitar Anda, umumnya gejala ini juga diikuti oleh gangguan indra pengecap di mana pasien tidak bisa merasakan makanan yang ada di lidah. Ada 3 gangguan indra pengecap yaitu:

  • Ageusia. Di mana indra pengecap seseorang benar-benar tidak bisa mengecap rasa apa pun
  • Dysgeusia. Kondisi di mana mulut terasa asam atau pahit. Pada kondisi parah mulut dapat terasa tengik atau busuk
  • Hypogeusia. Kondisi di mana terjadi penurunan kemampuan pengecapan lidah. Ada beberapa penyebab hypogeusia seperti kerusakan pada bintik pengecap lidah, gangguan saraf  dan kekurangan zat tertentu seperti zinc dan zat besi.

 

Kapan Harus Periksa ke dokter?

Sebaiknya Anda memeriksakan diri ke dokter ketika mengalami anosmia dan ageusia selama beberapa hari. Pada pasien pilek atau alergi, anosmia dan ageusia dapat mereda dengan sendirinya setelah beberapa hari. Namun pada pasien dengan infeksi yang lebih berat kondisi ini dapat berlangsung selama beberapa hari. Jika setelah penyakit sembuh Anda masih merasa tidak bisa membau dan merasakan sesuatu maka sebaiknya periksakan diri ke dokter.

Begitu juga jika Anda mengalami anosmia dan gangguan indra pengecap yang terjadi secara tiba-tiba dan diiringi gejala COVID-19 lainnya seperti demam, batuk kering, diare dan sesak napas, maka segera lakukan pemeriksaan COVID-19.

 

Bisakah Anosmia disembuhkan?

Pengobatan anosmia tergantung pada penyebabnya. Jika disebabkan oleh flu dan alergi maka anosmia juga akan sembuh setelah beberapa hari dan jauh dari pencetus alergi. Demikian halnya pada pasien COVID-19 yang mengalami anosmia, umumnya indra penciuman dan pengecap akan kembali berfungsi ketika dinyatakan sembuh dari COVID-19.

Namun sejumlah penyintas Covid-19 melaporkan bahwa mereka kembali mengalami anosmia meskipun hasil PCR dinyatakan negatif. Pada beberapa kasus, ada penyintas yang tetap mengalami anosmia meskipun sudah pulih dari COVID-19 selama dua bulan.

Sebuah penelitian yang dipublikasikan American Acedemy of Neurology menyatakan bahwa banyak orang yang masih merasakan anosmia bahkan setelah pulih dari COVID-19 hingga 5 bulan kemudian. Sejumlah ahli mengingatkan bahwa kambuhnya anosmia bisa menjadi salah satu gejala long covid, namun hingga kini masih belum diketahui penyebabnya.

 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr Anita Larasati Priyono
Last Updated : Sabtu, 15 April 2023 | 17:10
  1. Meng X, Deng Y, Dai Z, Meng Z. COVID-19 and anosmia: A review based on up-to-date knowledge. Am J Otolaryngol. 2020 Sep-Oct;41(5):102581. doi: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2020.102581. Epub 2020 Jun 2. PMID: 32563019; PMCID: PMC7265845.
  2. Reinhard A, Ikonomidis C, Broome M, Gorostidi F. Anosmie et COVID-19 [Anosmia and COVID-19]. Rev Med Suisse. 2020 Apr 29;16(N° 691-2):849-851. French. PMID: 32348051.
  3. Vaira LA, Salzano G, Deiana G, De Riu G. Anosmia and Ageusia: Common Findings in COVID-19 Patients. Laryngoscope. 2020 Jul;130(7):1787. doi: 10.1002/lary.28692. Epub 2020 Apr 15. PMID: 32237238; PMCID: PMC7228304.
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        Backtrace
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