Apa Saja Komponen Darah dan Masing-Masing Fungsinya?

Apa Saja Komponen Darah dan Masing-Masing Fungsinya?
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Sebagian besar tubuh manusia berisi atas cairan, termasuk salah satunya adalah darah. Darah memiliki 4 komponen utama yaitu sel darah merah (eritrosit), sel darah putih (leukosit), plasma darah dan keping darah (trombosit). Masing-masing komponen darah memiliki perbedaan struktur dan fungsi. Apa saja fungsi dari komponen darah? Simak ulasannya berikut ini. 

 

Apa Saja Isi Komponen Darah?

Darah memiliki 4 komponen dimana masing-masing komponen memiliki perbedaan bentuk dan fungsi. Komponen darah tersebut, antara lain:

Sel Darah Merah (Eritrosit)

Sel darah merah atau eritrosit adalah bagian darah yang mengisi hampir sebagian besar darah. Sekitar 40-45% volume darah terdiri dari sel darah merah. Bentuk sel darah merah menyerupai cakram dengan lengkung di bagian tengah yang mirip mangkuk.

Sel darah merah memiliki usia 4 bulan dan tubuh terus menggantinya secara teratur. Setiap detik tubuh dapat menghasilkan 2 juta sel darah setiap detiknya. Diperkirakan dalam satu tetes (mikroliter) darah terdapat 4,5–6,2 juta darah merah pada pria dan 4,0–5,2 juta pada wanita.

 

Baca Juga: Bagaimana Proses Terjadinya Pembekuan Darah saat Terluka?

 

Sel Darah Putih (Leukosit)

Dibandingkan sel darah merah, sel darah putih memiliki jumlah yang jauh lebih sedikit dari seluruh komponen darah. Sel darah putih hanya berjumlah 1 % dari seluruh volume darah.

Bagian sel darah putih yang paling banyak adalah neutrofil yang berjumlah 55-70% dari keseluruhan jumlah sel darah putih. Sel darah putih lainnya adalah limfosit yang berfungsi menjaga sistem kekebalan tubuh.

 

Keping Darah (Trombosit)

Trombosit dikenal juga dengan nama keping darah karena memiliki bentuk seperti piringan atau keping. Trombosit merupakan bagian terkecil dari sel darah dengan ukuran diameter antara 1-4 mikron. Berbeda dengan komponen darah lainnya, trombosit cenderung tidak memiliki warna. 

Keping darah mengandung glikoprotein yang berfungsi sebagai reseptor dan berinteraksi dengan zat lainnya yang menyebabkan agregasi. Bagian lain dari keping darah yaitu sitoplasma trombosit mengandung protein penting yang berfungsi untuk proses pembekukan darah.

Plasma Darah

Plasma darah merupakan bagian terbesar dari komponen darah, yaitu sekitar 55%. Plasma terdiri dari 92% air dan sisanya mengandung hormon, protein, glukosa, garam mineral, lemak dan vitamin. 

 

Baca Juga: Daftar Penyakit yang Memerlukan Transfusi Darah 

Fungsi Komponen Darah

Setiap komponen darah memiliki fungsi penting agar sistem organ dalam tubuh dapat berjalan lancar.  Adanya gangguan atau kekurangan salah satu dari komponen darah dapat menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan.

Fungsi dari masing-masing komponen darah, antara lain:

Sel Darah Merah (Eritrosit)

Sel darah merah mengandung protein khusus bernama hemoglobin yang berfungsi mengikat oksigen dan mengedarkannya dari paru-paru ke seluruh tubuh. Selain mengikat oksigen, darah merah juga bertugas untuk mengangkut karbon dioksida ke paru-paru untuk dihembuskan.

 

Sel Darah Putih (Leukosit)

Sel darah putih memiliki fungsi utama untuk melawan infeksi. Dalam sel darah putih mengandung limfosit T yang bertugas mengatur sel kekebalan tubuh, menyerang sel yang terinfeksi dan tumor. Sedangkan limfosit B bertugas menghasilkan antibodi, yaitu protein yang secara khusus membentuk kekebalan dari bakteri, virus dan zat asing lainnya.

 

Keping Darah (Trombosit)

Trombosit atau keping darah berperan penting untuk proses pembekuan darah ketika Anda mengalami perdarahan. Selain membantu pembekuan darah, trombosit juga berfungsi mencegah kehilangan darah berlebihan, melawan infeksi virus dan mempercepat penyembuhan luka.

 

Plasma Darah

Terdiri dari sebagian besar komponen cairan, plasma darah memiliki beragam fungsi yaitu mengangkut limbah, menjaga keseimbangan cairan tubuh, melawan infeksi, menjaga keseimbangan asam dan basa, menjaga suhu tubuh, serta distribusi nutrisi, hormon dan limbah.

 

Darah yang sekilas hanya terlihat seperti cairan merah memiliki beberapa komponen. Setiap komponen memiliki fungsi masing-masing. Adanya kekurangan atau gangguan pada salah satu komponen darah tentunya dapat mengganggu fungsi tubuh. Segera periksakan ke dokter jika Anda mengalami gangguan tersebut. 

Mau tahu informasi seputar penyakit lainnya? Cek di sini, ya!

 

 

Writer : Ratih AI Care
Editor :
  • dr. Monica Salim
Last Updated : Rabu, 17 Mei 2023 | 03:16

American Red Cross. Blood Components. Available from: https://www.redcrossblood.org/donate-blood/how-to-donate/types-of-blood-donations/blood-components.html

Felman, A. (2023). How does blood work, and what problems can occur?. Available from:  https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/196001

MSD Manuals. (2022). Components of Blood. Available from: https://www.msdmanuals.com/home/blood-disorders/biology-of-blood/components-of-blood

American Society of Hematology. Blood Basics. Available from: https://www.hematology.org/education/patients/blood-basics

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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:11
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/CompilerEngine.php:72
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      Hints
      • Use SELECT * only if you need all columns from table
      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Backtrace
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.article-popular:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
      • view::web.v2.partials.related-article:8
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
      • vendor/livewire/livewire/src/Mechanisms/ExtendBlade/ExtendedCompilerEngine.php:22
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      Backtrace
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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      Hints
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      Backtrace
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      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Filesystem/Filesystem.php:124
      • vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/View/Engines/PhpEngine.php:58
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    App\Models\Admin\Post
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